Organic project Essay Example for Free

Organic project Essay Given the current condition of organic products in the United Arab Emirates, increasing the level of promotion for organic products will increase the awareness of the product. The paper shall look at a definition of organic products, identify some of its users and develop a questionnaire for tackling the issue of promoting awareness in the United Arab Emirates market. (Consumer’s Union, 2000) These assertions come against the background of the speech made by the country’s Minister for Health – His Excellency Humeid Al Quttami. He claimed that organic products were healthy options and that they would promote safety this was the reason why the Minister made a call to the country’s producers and marketers to make organic products more available and present them at much lower prices than they were currently going for. Definition of organic products Products can either be conventionally made/ grown or they can be organically grown. Products that are made organically are those ones that exert minimal influences on their surrounding environments or those ones with very low levels of additives / artificial additives during the process of production. What most people fail to realize is the fact that there is a distinct difference between natural products and organic ones. Natural products do not adhere to certain international or national standards. Consequently, the definition of natural products varies from place to place. However, most people agree that natural products are usually those kinds of products that have not been processed or those ones that have not undergone any artificial processes. (Stolze et al, 2001) Organic products from plants are usually grown in such a manner that no chemical fertilizers are applied during their growth phase. Instead, natural fertilizers made in farmer’s backyards are used to add nutrients to soil. Additionally, organic products are different from conventional products because when the latter plants are grown in the fields, they usually entail the use of insecticides to get rid of harmful insects. However, in the former category, this is done through natural mechanisms such as disruption of mating patterns among other things. Besides these, when organic farmers are tackling weeds, they normally do this through natural processes such as mulching or crop rotation instead of the use of herbicides. Organic products derived from livestock products such as cheese, milk and the like are usually obtained from animals that are exposed to the outdoors. Additionally, diseases in these livestock are managed through the process of rotational grazing or cleaning one’s shelter, providing the animals with nutritional food among other methods. The purpose of doing this is to ensure that diseases are prevented rather than dealt with when they have occurred. On the contrary, conventional products derived from animals are usually obtained from animals that have been injected with growth hormones or those eons that are given processed medication to tackle diseases outbreaks. (Eskenazi, 1999) Organic products are normally those ones that have been certified internationally or nationally. Consequently, this is an indication that the products have met certain criteria laid out for organic foods. Besides this, it should also be noted that organic products either fall in three categories †¢ One hundred percent organic †¢ Organic †¢ Products made with organic ingredients When products are one hundred percent organic, they usually contain one component or if they contain more than one, then it is likely that all these ingredients are organic. When a product is classified as organic, then chances are that the product has been made from organic ingredients that take up about ninety five percent of that product. Besides these, some products may be categorized as those ones that have been made with organic ingredients. In this case, these are products that have approximately seventy percent of their products covering them. Users and uses of the products Most people buy organic products in the form of food. In other words, they purchase them so that they can eat them. There are a series of products that fall under this category. Organic foods derived from plants are the most common and some of them include vegetables, fruits and even spices. There are those organic foods that are derived from animals and these include, milk, cheese or butter. The other category is that of processed organic foods some of them include items such as breakfast cereal, corn chips or pastas. It should be noted that the last category may not be fully or one hundred percent organic. (Hansen, 2001) In other instances, people use organic products as forms of medicines. In this regard the product is a form of treatment. Usually, most organic medicines are used as alternative sources of treatment from herbalists or alternative medical practitioners. These products are largely exported from China and other similar countries. Other people use organic or natural products for beautification purposes. For instance, other may use natural products such as honey as a form of facial treatment. Additionally, we also have organically processed or created shampoos for enriching hair. These and many more uses are available to organic or natural product consumers. There are various types of Organic consumers in the United Arab Emirates. There are those that purchase the commodity once a week while there are others who do this on a daily basis. Additionally, others do this occasionally. However, statistics indicate that numbers are rising day by day. Consequently, if more marketing or promotion is done, then chances are that the number of persons who are using or purchasing organic products will increase tremendously. It has also been shown that the highest forms of organic consumers are those who buy organic foods. Most of the products chosen by such individuals include †¢ Fruits †¢ Vegetables Meats †¢ Breads †¢ Juices †¢ Some prepared foods It should be noted that many people who are purchasing these natural or organic products are also concerned about their environments. Most of them tend to be inclined to use products that place less artificial fertilizer in the soil, products that leave fewer residues of herbicides in the air or also those ends that do not require greater amounts of processing that will eventually use up too much electricity. Also, many people who utilize organic products are also cautious about the excessive artificial processes such as radiation that may require too much use of the latter process. Consequently, they look for such eco friendly products. It should be noted that natural products within the UAE have a larger percentage of the market share than organic products. Consequently, much has to be done to promote this kind of product. (Consumer’s Union, 2000) A large percentage of organic consumers are concerned about their health. Some of these concerns may actually be real in their lives. For instance, some people opt not to eat non-organic foods because they react to chemically processed ones. For instance, it is possible to find that these people have allergies against the ingredients in non-organic ones. It should also be noted that the largest percentage of individuals who buy organic foods for health reasons are those ones who are scared of the effects that the product might have on them. Some people believe that organic products will sustain agriculture and therefore buy organics to support UAE farmers. However, others may oppose genetically modified foods and thus opt to buy natural or organics, besides this, many organic or natural food consumers are those ones who are conscious about their nutritional needs. They usually believe that these products have more nutrients and would therefore be more beneficial to them. Also, others purchase organic products so as to avoid negative effects associated with products that have been injected with hormones. (Stutchbury, 2008) Questionnaire design of testing the hypothesis The first process of the questionnaire will be identification of the objectives of the questionnaire. In this case, the questionnaire will be: â€Å"To assess whether there is relationship between promotion of organic products and awareness of the product. If there is a positive correlation between these products, then chances are that it can be done. However, if there seems to be no positive correlation, then another method needs to be used to promote awareness. The second aspect of the questionnaire design is identification of the population size. In this case, since the questionnaire is being done about the level of awareness of organic food, then it will imperative for those persons who will be considered in the research to represent the views of all food consumers. They need to be persons who have either heard about organic food or those who have not. Consequently, this is a large population size. Thereafter, there is a need to look into the sampling strategy. Since the population size will be very large, it is essential to use a sampling strategy that will ensure accurate representation of the views among the UAE people. Also, it is essential to find people who belong to both categories being investigated. I. e. those who have already been exposed to promotional strategies about organic foods and those who had not. This means that fifty percent of the sample of the participants will come from one group and vice versa. The sample needs to come from areas that are likely to have these promotions for instance, though persons who purchase foods in the organic sections of supermarkets or those who go to organic stores. In order to access this information, it will be essential to select these organic stores. Three of them will be selected randomly and the consumers who buy commodities from those areas will also be chosen for the questionnaire. (Paddock, 2007) In order to access people who have little information about organic food, it will be wise to select people randomly in the street and then ask them whether they have heard about organic products. If they respond in the affirmative then they will not be considered. However, if they respond negatively, then there is a need to look for other people, who have not heard about. Questions within the questionnaire will first be tried among a small sample size so as to ascertain that they can be easily understood. This questionnaire will be a combination of ten questions and the questions will be structured. The reason behind choosing a structured interview is that it is easier to do analyses. Answers are preset and participants can be guided by them. If open ended questions had been used, then chances are that the responses would be too varied and that most of them would be very difficult to quantify. The other reason why this approach was chosen was that most participants may not have any idea about the issue under discussion. Consequently, giving them multiple choices will go a long way in enhancing the response rates. However, it should be noted that there are certain problems that may rise out of this issue. For instance, care should be taken to ensure that participants are not biased towards certain responses by the nature of the questions. Also, in certain circumstances, participant responses may not be found among the list. In order to minimize the chances of this occurrence, then one should first test the questionnaire among a pilot group (as mentioned earlier) and then look for ways of rectifying mistakes. Other mechanisms that can be used to test the hypothesis One method that could replace the use of structured questionnaires is personal interviews. This method could be effective if both sides of the coin were examined. In other words, if there was equal representation from the side of people who had received information about organic product promotions with those ones who had never heard of organic foods. This will go a long way in ensuring that the issues that have not been addressed will be tackled. It can also be possible to ascertain this method using secondary research. In other parts of the world such as the United States and Europe, consumption of organic products keeps rising from day to day. Many pieces of literature have indicated that the reason why this has occurred is that there is continuous marketing and promotion on the part of the organic producer. It would therefore be useful to examine the consumption of organic products prior to intense promotion; this could be during the nineteen nineties. Thereafter, one can compare this with the figures currently being consumed today. If there is a gradual increase of consumption rates in those years to the present day, then one can assert that promotions do increase consumption of the product. (Chensheng, 2006) Conclusion Organic foods boost the level of health for any particular individual. Some UAE consumers have already realized this. It is therefore imperative to look for methods that can boost awareness of organic products. Consequently, the research above has looked at one of the mechanisms which is through questionnaires. Others include personal interviews and secondary data from other countries.

Procter and gamble tide detergent in south africa

Procter and gamble tide detergent in south africa PG ability to enter the South African market are of crucial importance for the companys future success. They did not enter the market of Republic of South Africa before may be because of the political, economic and cultural issues that prevailed then. The following report will discuss about the strength and weakness of Procter and Gamble and then how entering the South African market and how to pay attention to their competitors. Later on a marketing plan will also be discussing on how to successfully position Tide in the South African market. The Procter and gamble is a Fortune 500 American multinational conglomerate that manufactures a wide range of consumer products which ranges from beauty and grooming, health and well being, household care etc. The pampers another brand of PG that comes under its household category is the top selling diaper brand in the world .The Tide detergent comes under their house hold care category to For about 60 years, Tide has been caring for the clothes of families across the globe and helping to provide the everyday miracle of clean clothing .this product manufactured by Procter and gamble is a very popular laundry detergent and very successful on the markets in Canada ,the United States, Morocco ,India, Saudi Arabia etc .South Africa seems to be a promising market for the company this might be the factor the company entered the South African market with its Star homecare product Pampers . Tide is among the most popular and patronized detergents in the world .Since its launching in 1946 the worlds first synthetic detergent was able to establish its market supremacy. The laundry detergent powder owned by Procter and Gamble currently holds about 40 percent of the laundry detergent market and it was able to penetrate into all the market which its operating now within a small period of time it continues its stable growth in the market and is committed towards helping families in their laundry needs. The Tide offers a wide array of products such as the Tide liquid, Tide Powder, Tide coldwater, Bleach, Tide HE and so on. Therefore we can say from its very Tide Bleach to Tide Total care to their very recent Tide stain release in wash booster it stress on the importance of clean, fresh clothes that helps you feel youre the best and most confident no matter what you wearing thats their motto . Market Entry Since there is always this issue of a giant US corporation spreading American style consumerism into all corners of the globe .However a Multinational Corporation cannot just waltz into any country and beat the completion there and just take the market share there are lot of big business houses that has failed in the past to local companies . In this case PG should enter the market with their product Tide as a local company investing in the South African economy and hiring local workers from there and this is exactly how the company has been positioning itself for the past so many years .Yes it should be a Greenfield investment, even though it might be an expensive option however the benefit associated with its that it can build the subsidiary the way it wants and importantly could transfer the same kind organizational culture and practices with ease making it easy to establish operating routines and it also helps to expand and spread the core competencies within the enterprise throu gh the way of Greenfield investment . Therefore Tide should enter the Republic of South African market by building manufacturing plants and hiring workers from thereby it can also create a good reputation there by providing employment for the locals .Like said before even though it might be little expensive later on it will start to bear fruit . Environment Analysis:- PG as we know is the worlds leading laundry detergent company with a market share of 28.1 percent compared to its main arch rivals Unilever with a market share of 17.4 percent as per a survey conducted in 2006. Even though its competitor Surf another major laundry detergent and some other detergent brands from Unilever has already made entry into the South African market much before itself the penetration in this are hasnt been that significant .PG was late in entering the Indian detergent market to its rivals Unilever Surf because the Indian economy wasnt that open and investment friendly until a couple of years ago by the time they entered even though Unilever held a strong position and enjoyed huge market share there PG Tide was successful in bringing down the market share of Unilever Surf by engaging in a price war with them and now there no more huge market share is enjoyed by both the players as result. Similarly even if they are late in entering the Republic of South Africa wi th a population of about 49,991,300 people as per 2010 census, and is predicted among as the next best developing economies along with countries like Bangladesh, Egypt etc leaves a lot a scope and significant growth opportunities for Tide in South African market. Political Environment:- The Republic Of South Africa is Parliamentary democracy wherein the members are elected for a 5 year term .The Government have a favorable attitude towards foreign direct investments countries like United States and the members of European Union, Japan etc are their major trading partners .Therefore one can say there not much PG has to worry about by introducing its Tide Detergent in this market as the Political factors are in favor and there is not much legal restrictions that the company has to comply with .The Government is investment friendly and has also formulated a new strategy to boost the countrys economic growth to 6 % by 2014. Economic Environment:- The economy of South Africa is pretty good. They have a growing economy with a GDP of 287 billion USD in 2009 and a real GDP growth rate of 3.7 % in 2009 from its previous 3% in 2008 .Their purchasing power is also expected grow over the period of time and its predicted as the next best 10 developing economies (In a report from France 24) after India and China. The key economic reforms have given rise to the macroeconomic stability of this country. Taxes have been reduced, tariffs lowered and exchange controls relaxed all these are positive signs. Social and Cultural Factors:- Their gross income and disposable income has increased rapidly over the recent years compared to before and is expected to grow even more and there are lot of potential for further growth for the country in different spheres. Statistical figures indicate that the Engels co-efficient is slightly decreasing in the last few years. Both the urban population and rural population have a level of welfare that they will be willing to spend on the basic requirements products. Culture:- South Africa has a population of about 40 million people and about three quarters of its population is black and about 15 percent white. Apart from Afrikaans most of them do speak good English which is the global language. South Africa is considered to be an Industrial giant of Africa. Some of their business etiquettes with respect to communications they do not like to rush deals and are very casual in business dealings ,its better to use titles and surnames to address the people ,hand shake is the most common way of greeting however handshakes vary between the various ethnic groups . South Africans prefer a win-win negotiation and with respect to appearance and behavior they like to be well dressed and gift giving is not norm in the business and business meetings will be generally held over lunch or dinner in some good restaurant. Technological environment:- South Africas manufacturing output is technology intensive with high tech manufacturing sector such as machinery, scientific etc .South Africas technological research and quality standards is pretty good. They have also developed number of leading technologies in fields energy and fuels, steel production, telecommunications and Information technology etc Thus after the PEST analysis it is pretty much clear that business environment is favorable to launch Tide in RSA. SWOT Analysis:- Strength PG Tide is a very strong brand its been really successful in numerous number of countries including the Unites States and various other countries in Asia such as India, Pakisthan, Srilanka and Bangladesh etc . It has a certain popular tagline in each of these countries and these have helped to retain the Brand name in everyones mind. It makes its product available in different quantities and prices based on that meeting the consumer needs. The company has about 127Â  000 employees working for them with people from various nationalities working for them on the top level group and PG operates in numerous number of countries it also invests a large pile of money on their RD . The detergent also helps in reducing waster consumption. They also do have high quality manpower Weakness- Tide has a lot of competitors in the market such as the various Unilever home care brands such as Surf Excel, Omo, Comfort, Cif etc. Then since Tide is detergent product there are lots of substitute products available in the market like detergent cakes, liquid detergents etc .This might reduce the market demand for the detergent powders. The company might have to spend on for certain cultural and other activities in the public other than just spending for product development and research. The lack of reliability on data is another factor since the market is pretty huge and its spread over a lot of countries it is not possible to get a reliable data about the market demand and other datas that will help in market development. This might reduce the predictability power of the company Opportunities The Company can utilize upon the changing lifestyle of the people for increasing the demand of the product by concentrating on customer needs and by giving the best product thereby the company can widen the scope and can increase the demand of Tide products. The company can try to acquire a high market share for the product by increasing the production and market share and thereby it is possible to achieve high demand and a reduction in price of the product thereby ensuring customer satisfaction. PG could also apply certain new tactics in the market by introducing a new product. Tide can opt this strategy by introducing a new variety in the market it could get a sudden boost in the demand of the product at the time introduction in the market. Threats The Company might face some legislative pressures as the chemicals that are used in the production of detergents are harmful for the human body and natural environment. There might be environmental effects as the detergent contains chemicals that are harmful for human being and natural resources. Therefore the company must make sure that it makes environment friendly products. There could be chances for price war we know that the primary goal every manufacturer will be to increase the demand for their productions since sufficient demand is necessary for the company to survive in the competitive market. If any of the competitor company reduces their products price and this might result in a price war between the two. Marketing Strategy:- Procter and Gamble as one of the worlds consumer products companies in the world often undertake market research before launching its product and also uses this research to make decisions about the marketing mix as well as its marketing strategy and tactics. Market Research thus helped the company determine its marketing strategy by shaping the brand name and the product identification that the product would carry. Knowing the fact that women would be the primary target market for the product therefore the tactics should be developed keeping this in my mind and use in its promotional strategy. 8704cov_piechart.gif The Marketing Mix Price This is the most powerful tool in marketing, as we know it is utilized in many a ways mainly to increase unit sales ,to make the market less attractive to potential competitors and to attract buyers so that they buy other items once the transaction has started . The PG pricing of Tide detergent soap proves to be an effective means not only to attract consumers but also to reduce the market appeal to its competitors .In India PG had launched discounts for both its brands Tide and Ariel for about to 20% to 50% literally there was a price war with its archrivals Unilever Surf which was enjoying a major market share in the market before .However by its reduced pricing strategy buying Tide has become an economic -wise option for the larger masses. By slashing its price the volume of Tide sales have surged tremendously. PG will have to follow a similar pricing strategy here in South Africa like they did in India as their competitors Unilever brands are pretty strong there. 12 South African Rand for 1 Kg of tide would be a good idea. Product Its considered that Tides usefulness expires as soon as laundry is finished, but this is not to suggest that PG is not going to be liable after its use .The trend nowadays is providing feedback mechanism. Its been realized by PG which is why one can notice writings in the packets like if you have any suggestions or comment write to us. The company would be able to know how the customers feel about the products what they think of it in order to make this effective ,to bring awareness to their customers they have to re-in force the message to its customers via TV , radio or internet . The company should therefore make sure what thats discussed above is done in the South African market. Tide is an excellent brand name which carries its supremacy and toughness across the markets where its present. Promotion The very existence of internet has revolutionized the world of information technology this a very good sign for many new advertising opportunities .For e.g. the pop up ads and email ads .The television and radio advertising are also important ways to promote Tide in its new market .Like any other effective television and radio advertising it requires a very good punch line ,present the competitor product without mentioning its name tell about its weakness they should get testimony of experts or renowned authorities. Drawing the attention of the internet users obviously would not readily move them into action. They have to therefore find some new ways or effective techniques to further engage them in company website. Therefore a strong consideration must be given to the content of the site. Thus by making the site more attractive this will help to engage more consumers and they will start to react positively to the ads. Therefore company has to have an effective promotion and public relations in their new market in all the tools available to them. Advertising in various media maintains superior standing of the product in the wide detergent market place. Place /Distribution:- The choice of distribution is an extremely important decision to make. It should meet the needs of the South African market .When it comes to the elements of distribution channel which includes packaging, storage facilities, transportation and the members such as brokers, retailers and households must be suitable for the SA market needs. Tide must be made available both in the retail stores and wholesale stores of South Africa as the product try to satisfy the immediate need of people. Packaging the product must take the following into consideration must facilitate storage and handling of the product must protect Tide from extreme temperatures, isolate appropriate purchase quantities. And also make sure that the packaging materials must be of bright colors to instantly capture attention of the consumers. At the same time storing Tide must be done by complying with the rules of the South African Government .PG must also inform their stakeholders ,manufacturers about the various storage risks that might happen such as fires,theft,loss of market demand etc this will also ensure effective handling of storage costs . And its also important that they build a sound communication channel with their consumers, manufacturers, brokers and other stake holders in the new market for the smooth functioning. Competitive Analysis:- Tide is among the top 20 worlds detergent manufacturers. According to certain reports published during the period Tide held the highest share of 3 billion dollars during the late 2000 followed by its stalemate Ariel with about 2.8 billion US dollars. The major competitors that Tide is going to face in South Africa will be its major arch rivals and strong competitors such as Omo, Surf and Persil the other laundry detergents from Unilever.The competitors have already established their brands in the South African markets . However PG neednt be worried about that since before also there was this situation were Unilever tapped into the Indian markets even when it was not so business friendly even after making a late entry into the market arena they were able to capture significant share in the Indian market Tide will be able to repeat the same here also with its heavy advertising and other related campaigns so as to promote sales .However there are also lot of other small rivals in the fi eld as a result of product innovation and behavior dynamics of the consumers therefore Tide will have to concentrate on its marketing strategy focusing in order for them to dominate the market eventually . Conclusion:- The international marketing of PG Tide is really important before its entry into the new market. Basing it from the facts gathered in this research, it could be concluded that the international marketing of Tide is effective. Its constant dedication in achieving its goals defines its success and further utilization. Its necessary that one company must know to stay in competition in order to endure in the market. It is also important for the company to understand whats the major driver of the firms profitability in a competitive market this key marketing challenge and strategy. So as to conclude the report helps in identifying the various resources of PGs Tide. Its important for the company that in spite of their success it should continually work on its strategy change and development is indispensable. All this will help in the companys success.

Ethics of Governments Stance of Homosexuality Essay -- essays researc

Homosexuality, when defined by a dictionary, reads [as a] "sexual desire or behavior directed toward a person or persons of one's own sex ." While its opposite, heterosexuality, is described as: "[a] sexual feeling or behavior directed toward a person or persons of the opposite sex ." Homosexuality can be traced back to the earliest pieces of recorded history, although its definitive origin is unknown, many scientists believe that homosexuality exists in nature, although this is subject to interpretation ("Homosexuality" Wikipedia). Throughout its existence, this lifestyle, or as some call, "choice" has been subject to overly harsh scrutiny from both the legislature and culture. Why should it, that a nation which is founded on principles of freedom, not allow their own citizens to be able practice homosexuality free from societal and government persecution and discrimination? The foundation of the American government is known as the constitution, this document is what all freedoms given to the citizens of the United States receive, along with passages on government. It states...

Identity Theft Essay -- Stealing Identity Theft Essays

Identity Theft   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today's society, there is a white-collar crime that has greatly risen in popularity among criminals. This crime is identity theft. Hundreds of thousands of people have their identities stolen each year. Identity theft is when these criminals obtain and use consumers personal information such as credit card numbers, bank account numbers, insurance information, and social security numbers to purchase goods or services fraudulently. According to the Federal Trade Commission, over 1.1 million people were the victim of identity theft. With this number, it is very evident that identity theft is one of the fastest growing crimes in our country. This paper will attempt to more thoroughly define identity theft. It will give examples of identity theft by examining the stories of Rosalie Pugliese and Mari Frank. It will show ways in which this very easily committed crime can be avoided, and in the extreme case that a person is a victim of identity fraud, to show the steps one can take to get their lives back on track.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to identityguard.com, identity theft is defined as, ?when someone uses your name or personal information to open a credit account, take out a loan, or make a major purchase. And if they can do it once, they can do it repeatedly, using each new account as a reference for the next one. The result is that identity thieves can run up thousands of dollars worth of charges or obligations all in your name.? In our current society, since there have been a great deal of technological advances made, it is easier than ever for a common criminal to steal a social security number, a bank account number, or any other piece of information which could help a criminal gain access to ones personal finances. Identity thieves can retrieve vital information in many different ways. They can look through your trash at home or at work and retrieve a discarded bill, a piece of mail, or a credit application. They can intercept your mail before it reaches you and take your social security or other information off of it. Identity thieves can pose as a telemarketer, claiming to represent a reputable charity or business, a bank, or even a credit-reporting agency. By doing this, they may be able to coax vital information from a naà ¯ve consumer. ?In some states your Social Security number is printed right on your driver?s license, so an iden... ...hat has been charged under their name, they are very much responsible for getting rid of the unauthorized accounts and restoring credit. This may prove to be a very painstaking effort since most credit companies hate dealing with these types of issues. It is very important, though, to stay persistent in the effort to restore a good credit rating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identity theft, according to the Federal Trade Commission, is one of the fastest growing crimes in the country. It may be the fastest growing white-collar crime out there. With nothing more than your name, your Social Security number, and date of birth, the only thing that can limit an identity thief is the thief?s creativity. They are able to do anything from open credit card accounts to open accounts and take out loans. With this basic information, they can get a job in your name, possibly tarnishing an honest person?s good name. They can apply for anything from cell phones to health insurance. With more than 1.1 million victims of identity theft each year, it is very important to know how to protect yourself from identity theft. It is just as, if not more important to know what to do in the case that your identity is stolen.

Autism Essay -- Chromosome Disorders

What is autism? "Autism is a potentially severe neurological condition affecting social functioning, communication skills, reasoning, and behavior. It is considered a "spectrum disorder," meaning that the symptoms and characteristics of autism can present themselves in a variety of combinations, ranging from extremely mild to quite severe" (Fergus 2002 para.1). Autism was first reported in 1943 by a Dr. Leo Kanner of John Hopkins University. Dr Leo Kanner based his theory on 11 children who showed signs of withdrawal from human contact, this started at age 1 between the years of 1938 to 1943. In the 1940’s, the research of autism was so rare and this was a new case, Dr. Leo Kanner based the disability to be schizophrenia which in the eyes of the parents they thought they were at fault. In the 60’s, that is when the knowledge of autism and the treatments came clear. (Edelson Para. 8) Having the basic history of autism will let people understand where and how Dr. Leo Kan ner had come across the disability. Some people have never heard about autism and the treatments that go into helping someone with autism. The three main points that will be discussed are treatment, prognosis, and the quality of life. Having a child with autism can make life difficult but with therapy and treatment children with autism can grow to be what society calls normal. With a child who has been diagnosed as autistic, this starts the wheels turning of what is to do next. The diagnosis of autism is based on I.Q. tests and observations; this will introduce what needs that the child may have. As physicians observe children with autism and evaluate how severe each child may be. Depending on the severity of the children depends on the course of treatment th... ...riskfactors Autism Research Institute. (2008). What is autism? Retrieved August 29, 2008, from Autism Research Institute: http://www.autism.com/autism/index.htm -Autism Society of America. (n.d.). Unique needs and abilities. Retrieved August 29, 2008, from Autism Society of America: http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer?pagename=life_edu_unique Autism Spectrum Disorder program. (2000) Wichita State University. Retrieved from September 20, 2008, from http://webs.wichita.edu/?u=vbain&p=/AutismSpectrumClinic/ Pediatrics (Oct 2005): 54(10). General OneFile. Gale. Apollo Library. R etrieved from September 20, 2008 from . American health line. (2007). Pediatrics: Reports on Autism. Retrieved on September 20, 2008 from University of Phoenix Library. Lee LC (2007) Quality of life. Retrieved from September 20, 2008 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez

Organ Donation Essay

The process of taking functional organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another individual is called organ donation. Whereas, any part of the body that performs a different and special function is referred to as an organ. Transplantation takes places quite successfully today between well-matched human beings. Majority of the organ recipients are able to live five or more years. Skin, cornea, bone marrow and kidney transplants are the most common today. Moreover, lung and heart transplants are also gaining precedence. In commonplace terms, organ donation is the removal of working, healthy organs from the body of an individual who had pledged while being alive that his organs could be donated to a person requiring it. Usually the tissues or organs are taken out in a manner similar to surgery. Moreover, all the incisions are clogged at the end. Organ donors can include people of all ages. It is not restricted to any particular group, nor is it restricted to any cert ain age limit. In the present era, organ transplantation is widely recognized as of the most gripping medical advancements. It is almost the elixir of life to individuals with deteriorating organs who require other fellow beings to donate them organs. With the increasing cases of organ failure in society and the insufficient supply of organs, there is an enormous gap between organ supply and organ demand. Subsequently, it takes ages for a person with deteriorating organs to get functioning organs from another being. Moreover, numerous deaths have been reported in that waiting. Thus, these events have aroused moral, societal and ethical concerns regarding the allocation of organs, supply and the use of surviving donors as volunteers, including those who qualify as minors. Unfortunately, it has spurred the practice of selling organs by money-makers for their own monetary gains and vested interests in many parts of the world by exploiting the poor. This has spurred corrupt practices where organ donation is concerned (Shroff, 2009). While we are on the subject of organ donation, an ethical issue is the procurement of organs and tissues. Firstly, this includes the buying and selling of human organs and tissues: There are some people who believe that human organs and tissues ought to be bought and sold in order to quantify the supply and show deference for other people’s autonomy. On the other hand, there are people who believe that treating any part of the body like a saleable good is a violation of human dignity. Organ donation has evolved considerably in the last 50 years. Following is a history of the procurement of organs and tissues. †¢ Successful transplantation of various organs Initially, organ transplantation started with kidneys, but now it has diversified to lungs, livers, hearts and other organs. It has slowly evolved to encompass various parts of the body. Progress in organ donation and cadaveric practices To decide who can donate organs has been a continuously evolving process. Firstly, it started with living donors and later moved on to include dead and brain dead donors. Even today, there are debates about growing and limiting the qualified donors. In the year of 2001, the surviving donors managed to even outnumber cadaveric donors. This was a milestone in the history of the United States. Formulation of anti-rejection drugs to enhance development and success The formulation of anti-rejection drugs has compounded the success of organ transplants. In the 1960s and 1970s, immunosuppressant drugs were used to increase the success rate of organ transplants (Flaman, 2008). Cyclosporine was stumbled upon in the 1980s. It greatly improved the success rate for patients undergoing transplants. The overall results were also improved. A phenomenon called xenotransplantation also became well-known – this entails the usage of animal organs for human transplantation. Subsequently, the firs t xenotransplantation was conducted in 1986. This breakthrough means of transplantation started gaining popularity and researchers started performing more intensive studies on it. The number of people who required organ transplantation started to multiply. The discovery of the first artificial organs In the 1980, the first artificial heart transplant took place which was followed closely by the American public and the news media. This basically involved segmenting organs into pieces (either from cadaveric donors or surviving donors). In 1996, the first split liver transplant too place. It permitted one cadaveric liver to be used among several patients who required a transplant. Stem cell research: This basically involves the examination of human embryo and adult’s cell in an endeavor to find out how organs are development and what stimulates their development. There are certain ethical concerns regarding how organs and tissues are obtained. For instance: a pharmaceutical company in France buys placentas from 110 Canadian hospitals in order to produce blood products and vaccines. However, there are some poor people in countries, such as India, who sell their kidneys for $700 or even more than that. There have also been cases reported in India where people have gained consci ousness after a kidnapping incident, only to discover that one of their organs has been removed in that process (Caplan, 2010). In regards to this issue, there are people who draw a difference between waste matter of humans, certain body parts that happen to regenerate such as blood and non-regenerative human organs such as kidneys. There are many people who differentiate profit making from covering the donor’s expenses. If a donor has to pay for organs, this can put undue pressure on him. It nullifies a contract or free consent. There are some people who are also fearful of the fact that if the buying and selling of organs became a notorious business, then it would undermine the nobility associated with organ transplants. It could be detrimental if the organ just went to the highest bidder. The equity would be compromised upon as donating organs would depend upon the ability to pay rather than finding out how they should be distributed. There are some people who argue that t his can be brought under control by monitoring sales. If the buying and selling of organs and human tissues is completely restricted, then it would drive the market underground. Since there are numerous controversies associated with the buying and selling of human parts, there are many who believe that other alternatives should be adopted (Thomas, 2009). Media Publicity There are several instances when an organ or tissue is acquired for a person by showcasing their need through the media. This could negate the other transplant channels through which it is normally obtained. Moreover, the correct criterion of selecting recipients, which is usually done on the basis of greatest needs and greater likelihood of benefit, can also be overlooked. However, publicity through media creates awareness in the public domain about the need for transplants and in the long run will increase the supply of organs and tissues. Voluntary consent basically entails a person making an intended offer to donate their organs after their demise. In the case of cadaver donation, a person can intimate their consent by advanced directives, such as by filling out the Universal Donor Card, part of their driver’s license. When the transplant is from a living donor, free consent is necessitated. However, it is best to have established consent regarding a deceased donor because this act exhibits love and responsible stewardship over one’s body. Moreover, it also communicates the wishes of health care professionals and family to the individual as well as others. When there is no pre-existing consent, the person who holds responsibility for the dead body should be approached regarding donation. It is imperative that the wish of the deceased person should be upheld. Medical ethics in organ donation has become imperative. This is basically a system comprising of moral principles that applies judgments and values to the process of organ donation. Autonomy is the sole prerogative of the individual to choose what happens to him/her even if this means dying in the process. In this regard, even if a person wishes to contribute his organs to another and thus die, he should not be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, fidelity entails adhering to the choices of someone, even if paying no heed to them would save another person’s life. Confidentiality means protecting the names of the donor from being let out in public or as per the desire of the patient. Hence, if a person prefers to remain unnamed while consenting to donate organs, his wish should be upheld. The team performing the transplantation can ask questions, but foremost it is imperative to prioritize the desire of the patient over anyone else (Truog, 2005). In order to address the ethical issues associated with organ donation stated above, it is important for health care professionals to be acquainted with the meaning of organ and tissue donation. They should be well-versed with the procedure of organ donation and to perform it in the best and most efficient manner possible. It would also be a good idea to render training to members of the health care team so that they can approach potential donors and families in a sensitive manner. To facilitate the process smoothly, they should be able enough to provide the necessary social and personal support during the process of mourning. Providers of health care also need to learn that respecting a dead person is a prerequisite of our humanity. It is also pertinent to mention that any reference to the deceased should be done with utmost sensitivity and using the most appropriate names. Furthermore, to compound the potential for transplants, providers of health care have a fundamental duty of rai sing the general level of awareness of needs. It should be done in a way that protects the rights and privacy of the patient, does not tamper with the medical process in any way and also does not remove attention from other urgent matters (NHMRC, 2012). References Shroff, Sunil, NCBI Legal and ethical aspects of organ donation and transplantation, (2009), Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779960/ Flaman, Paul, Organ and Tissue Transplants: Some ethical issues, (2008), Retrieved from: http://www.ualberta.ca/~pflaman/organtr.htm Truog, Robert, The Ethics of Organ Donation by living Donors, (2005), Retrieved from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp058155 Thomas, Chris, Ethics around Organ Donation, (2009), Retrieved from: https://www.chf.org.au/pdfs/hvo/hvo-2008-1-ethics-organ-donation.pdf NHMRC, Donating organs after death, (2012), Retrieved from: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/e29.pdf Caplan, Arthur, Organ Procurement and Transplantation: Ethical and Practical Issues, (2010), Retrieved from: http://www.upenn.edu/ldi/issuebrief2_5.html

Graphic communication, Essay

In this task I will be identifying the many reasons to why people choose to communicate, and explain how communication may affect relationships within a work setting. Communication is the key to learning as it involves so many different aspects, for example communication is not just verbal it has a lot to do with things like body language, facial expressions and posture. People communicate for many different reasons and ever situation is different in every way. †¢Expressing needs- this is the main reason to why people communicate generally. This applies to people that are both common and uncommon with each other. This does not always involve talking this can be hand gestures, eye contact and body language. †¢To share ideas, information and to reassure- this is also main aspects to why people communicate. Individuals old and young want to portray their views and reassure people around them about certain situations. †¢To express feelings- this is another reason to why individuals communicate, if they don’t want to keep their feelings to themselves they have to communicate in some way to others. For example babies cry when they want something as this is their way of communicating their feelings. †¢To build relationships, socialize and to share experiences- these are reasons to why people communicate as it builds a social life for them, it brings more people around them meaning friends and family, which will mean that they have people who they can relate to and go through all different life experiences with. Read more:  Identify different reasons why people communicate  essay 1.2 – When working with children within a childcare setting, effective communication is key. When dealing with children you are not only dealing with the children who you need to communicate and build a relationship with but the parents and staff. For an individual in a childcare setting it is very important for them to have good relationships with a range of people; meaning, parents, staff, and the children. Communication and relationships come into play with each other very well, this is due to the better relationship you have with another individual the communication is likely to be more effective. Relationships and communication are influenced by certain things for example; the body language, facial expression and the way the other individual listens and talks to you. Building good relationships within the workplace will mean that communicating with everyone will be effective as there will be no problems. It will benefit things that occur in every setting, like sharing and gaining relevant information, supporting the children’s play and learning also working effectively as a team. Effective communication is a major skill that everyone working in a childcare setting must develop as this is the most practical/effective way to meet the needs of the children, parents, families and other members of staff on a daily basis. Communication is key in the daily events of every individual’s life, no matter how it is done either verbal or non verbal.