Beatrix Potter Peter Rabbits Creator

Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen - 1099 Words

The novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen was published during 19th century Victorian England. Despite the governing body being under control by a female head of state, women living in 19th century England had certain limitations set upon them in regards for their future. Pride and Prejudice highlighted the life of a typical women during this time period in that it established their primary function: to marry. Although this novel revolves around characters belonging to a higher social class, the inability of women to exercise their freedom is evident, particularly in the case of marriage. Society and many characters in this novel are not fond of the idea of love. Marriage is more of a mutual commitment based largely on financial†¦show more content†¦It was a gradual series of processes and setbacks which eventually caused both of them to fall in love. Characters such as Elizabeth and Lydia challenge the societal conception of marriage by marrying due to physical attracti on or love instead of financial gain. Marriage can be seen as a business, while men bring money to the family, women simply take out. Marriage was a definite concern for Mrs. Bennet due to two major reasons: to provide a future for her daughters and find a heir that would inherit their property as women cannot. Her views on who her daughters should marry are most explicitly expressed when she states â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.† (Volume 1. Chapter 1. 5). Mrs. Bennet description of a man with great wealth represents the latter of society’s views on marriage. There is no emotional or physical basis of marriage, as it should be done in order to preserve the familial reputation and maintain societal connections. This notion is perhaps highlighted even further while Elizabeth discovers Mr. Collins’ intentions on marrying Charlotte. Charlotte is Elizabeth’s good frien d while Mr. Collins is a clergyman andthe cousin of Mr.Bennett. Mr. Collins came to Netherfield seeking a woman for marriage but was rejected by Elizabeth. When Elizabeth finds out that Mr. Collins has decided to marry Charlotte, she is

The concept of capital market Free Essays

string(40) " which is known as Behavioural Finance\." 1. Introduction The concept of capital market efficiency can be said to be a research topic that has bring a lot of arguments and suggestions on the field of finance as a course of study. As such, it would only be expected that the wider implications of market efficiency would also be just as far-reaching. We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of capital market or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the justifications for this research undertaking may be considered to be a great task and as a result, capital market efficiency as an area of finance requires a rigorous work for scholars and as well for managers of an organization. The first time the term â€Å"efficient market â€Å"was in a 1965 paper by E. F Fama who said that in an efficient market, on the average, competition will cause the full effects of new information on intrinsic values to be reflected â€Å"instantaneously† in actual price.The efficient market hypothesis asserts that none of the techniques used by fund managers ( i.e. forecasting, valuation techniques ) can outperform the market. Arguably, no other theory in economics or finance generates more passionate discussion between its challengers and proponents. For example, Harvard Financial Economist Michael Jensen writes â€Å"there is no other proposition in economics which has more solid empirical evidence supporting it than efficient market hypothesis†. While investment maven Peter Lynch claims â€Å"efficient marketsThat’s a brunch of junk, crazy stuff† (Fortune, April 1995). The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) suggests that profiting from predicting price movements is very difficult and unlikely. The main engine behind price changes is the arrival of new information. Consequently, there is no reason to believe that prices are too high or too low. Security prices adjust before an investor has time to trade on and profit from a new a piece of information. The key reason for the existence of an efficient market is the intense competition among investors to profit from any new information. The ability to identify over- and underpriced stocks is very valuable (it would allow investors to buy some stocks for less than their â€Å"true† value and sell others for more than they were worth). Consequently, many people spend a significant amount of time and resources in an effort to detect priced† stocks. Naturally, as more and more analysts compete against each other in their effort to take advantage of over- and under-valued securities, the likelihood of being able to find and exploit such mis-priced securities becomes smaller and smaller. In equilibrium, only a relatively small number of analysts will be able to profit from the detection of mis-priced securities, mostly by chance. For the vast majority of investors, the information analysis payoff would likely not outweigh the transaction costs. The Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH) over this period, has witnessed widespread recognition and has found its place amongst various scholars and researchers of finance and economics. The empirical observations of Kendall (1953) thus came to be known as the ‘random walk model’ or in some instances the ‘random walk theory’ (ibid). However, this theory suggests that the share price at any one time reflects all available information, and will only change if new information arises. In this way, unpredictable news hitting the market causes share prices to fluctuate in a random and unpredictable manner. The Kendall observation is based on the fact that the market is irrational world and that the price of stock has a rampant walk. However, as Bodie et al (2001: 268) point out, in a reversal of opinion, economists concluded that the unpredictable behaviour of stock prices actually indicated an ‘efficient market’ by the very virtue of such unpredictability. Although Kendall (1953) is refer to as the father of the random walk theory, however, the actual concept of market efficiency, and indeed a ‘random walk theory’, had already been tested as many years ago as the year 1900 (Dobbins et al, 1994: 70). This was in fact the result of a doctoral thesis in mathematics written by the French economist Louis Bachelier (1900). He argues that the price of a commodity today is the best estimate of its price in the future, and therefore commodity speculation is a ‘fair game’ in which there are no winners, and wherein prices tend to follow a random walk (Pilbeam, 2005: 250-51). Subsequently, as suggested by Dimson and Mussavian (1998: 93), the 1960’s marked a transition for research concerning the unpredictable nature of stock market prices. Leading on from the findings of Samuelson (1965) and Roberts (1967), Fama (1970) summarise a comprehensive review of the random walk literature, and proposed the idea of an informationally efficient market wherein â€Å"prices always fully reflect available information† (Fama, 1970: 383). Thus, the Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH) was introduce into the theory of efficient market. This theory supported the random walk theory and also created a theoretical framework in which economists could perceive the unpredictable nature of stock market prices. More recently, Yen and Lee (2008) provide a chronological review of empirical evidence on the Efficient Market Hypothesis over the last five decades. Their survey clearly demonstrates that the Efficient Market Hypothesis no longer enjoys the level of strong support it received during the golden era of the 1960s, but instead has come under relentless attack from the school of behavioural finance in the 1990s. Besides the above broad review, there are other survey papers with a specific theme, for instance, Fama (1998) surveys the empirical work on event studies, with a focus on those papers reporting long-term return anomalies of under- and over-reactions to information; Malkiel (2003) and Schwert (2003) scrutinize those studies reporting evidence of statistically significant predictable patterns in stock returns; Park and Irwin (2007) review the evidence on the profitability of technical trading rules in a variety of speculative markets, including 66 stock market papers published ove r the period from 1960 to 2004. The Efficient Market Hypothesis has over the years been accepted by various scholars since its inception nearly forty years ago; however, in more recent times the Efficient Market Hypothesis has come under criticism, and as a result has been apparently undermined by the emergence of a new introduction to finance thought which is known as Behavioural Finance. You read "The concept of capital market" in category "Essay examples" The recent discussion published in Malkiel et al. (2005) clearly indicates that there is no sign of compromise between proponents of the Efficient Market Hypothesis and advocates of behavioural finance. Lo (2004) notes that useful insights can be gained from the biological perspective and calls for an evolutionary alternative to market efficiency. In particular, he proposes the new paradigm of Adaptive Markets Hypothesis (AMH) in which the Efficient Market Hypothesis can co-exist alongside behavioural finance in an intellectually consistent manner. In this new hypothesis, market efficiency is not an all-or-none condition but is a characteristic that varies continuously over time and across markets. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a systematic review on the empirical literature of evolving weak-form stock market efficiency, which is consistent with the prediction of Adaptive Markets Hypothesis. Find mat on b. Finace and adaptive The history of stock trading and trading associations can be traced as far back as the 11th century when Jewish and Muslim merchants set up trade associations. After centuries of evolution, stock markets have become the symbol of commerce in the modern world. It operates in various countries and trades a range of securities. The world stock market capitalisation is estimated to be about $ 47.7 Trillion as January, 2010. The stock market has various functions such as capital mobilisation, investing opportunities, risk distribution etc. The major stock exchanges in the world today include New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Italian Stock Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange. Stocks can be defined as a collection of shares in a company. Therefore, a stock market is a place where buyers and sellers of stock meet to transact business. It is a place where exchange of shares takes place. Basically, there are two types of stock markets: Primary Market Secondary Market The primary market is the market of first sale where companies first sell their shares to the public. It is used by companies who are coming to the exchange for the first time to raise finance. The secondary market on the other hand is a market where existing or already issued securities are traded. The activities in the secondary market are usually carried out on the floors of the Stock Exchange where investors and sellers of securities meet to consummate deals through the stock brokers who are the dealing member of the exchange. The stock market is often influenced by the availability of information on the various securities traded on the stock exchange. The price of stock’s moves up and down reflecting the mood of the market, the price of stock move only when there is information in the market. The concept of an efficient market is a special application where the market price is an unbiased estimate of the true value of the investment. 1.1 A Historical Overview of Capital Market Efficiency During the 1950’s the advancement of information technology gave rise to a new founded power to analyse economic time series using various computer applications; unsurprisingly much to the fortuity of economists and business theorists alike. It was widely believed among such a community of scholars that â€Å"tracing the evolution of several economic variables over time would clarify and predict the progress of the economy through boom and bust periods† (Bodie et al, 2001: 268). A viable candidate for such experimental analyses at the time was the behavioural pattern of stock market prices over a certain time period, which, it was hoped, could be used as an indicator of economic performance (ibid). Subsequently, an undertaking of such an analytical study was conducted by Maurice Kendall (1953) who attempted to find recurring patterns in 22 UK security and commodity price indices. He unearthed results that were to open up a whole new dimension to the theory behind the behaviour of stock market prices. Hence, contrary to the then prevalent views among economists, he found that there appeared to be no identifiable pattern between stock price fluctuations, in that they seemed to move in an erratic fashion. He therefore concluded that stock prices appeared to follow a random walk (Dobbins et al, 1994: 71). The empirical observations of Kendall (1953) thus came to be known as the ‘random walk model’ or in some instances the ‘random walk theory’ (ibid). In short, this theory suggests that the share price at any one time reflects all available information, and will only change if new information arises. In this way, unpredictable news hitting the market causes share prices to fluctuate in a random and unpredictable manner. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJETIVES The aims and objectives of the study is to discuss how efficient is the stock market with particular reference to London Stock Exchange. To establish that there exist a concept of the efficiency of the stock market which implies that at any point of time the prices of securities react to all the market information positively or negatively depending on the nature of the information. To review all available literature on efficient market hypothesis and compile a report. To make a report on the stock market anomalies that seems to contradict the efficient market hypothesis. To determine the effect of insider abuse on the efficient of the stock market. To present a comprehensive and critical analysis of the efficient of the stock market. To arrive at a conclusion base on the report gathered on the efficient market hypothesis, insider abuse, stock market anomalies and other factors affecting stock market efficiency. 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY To achieve the objectives outlined, scope of the study and report undertaken by this dissertation extend to the following areas for an extensive research and analysis: The study will focus on the types, needs and level of stock market efficiency. The study extends to the analysis of the stock market operations and the relative effect of market information on the buying and selling of the securities. The study will also examine issue of insider trading and the effect of such insider trading on the stock market efficiency While detailing the anomalies of the stock market the report envisages to bring out the effect of those anomalies on the efficiency of the stock market 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY To present a comprehensive and coherent report, this dissertation adopts the following structure: Chapter 1: Introduction, provides a brief description on the stock market efficiency Chapter 2: Literature Review, this represent the body of the text covers a detailed review of the available literature on the stock market efficiency. This section will attempt to present a review of the academic works relating to the research topic. Chapter 3: This chapter is where the research methods to be used are developed and it will demonstrate the research methodology that has been used to carry out this study. Chà  Ãƒ °tà ¥r Four: This sà ¥Ãƒ ±t ³Ãƒ ®n à °rà ®v ³dà ¥s the main à ±Ãƒ  sà ¥ study of the research, the general overview of London stock exchange. Chapter Five: This chapter discusses the data collection and findings, the interviews and questionnaires taken from stakeholders- investment analyst, pension fund managers, brokers and investors in the stock market. Thà ¥Ã‚ ³r v ³Ãƒ ¥w à  nd à ®Ãƒ °Ã‚ ³n ³Ãƒ ®ns à  bà ®ut stock market efficiency. How to cite The concept of capital market, Essay examples

Dependent and Source Independent Security †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Dependent and Source Independent Security. Answer: Introduction Technology has become an integral part of the organizations in the present times. There are several technical tools and software that have been launched in the market and are being used by the business units in all the parts of the globe. There are several methods through which these tools and software can be acquired. One of such methods is the use and implementation of open source software (OSS). There are several advantages of such software, such as no involvement of costs, immediate access, easy implementation etc[1]. However, there are also certain drawbacks and issues that the management needs to overcome with the use of open source software. The report discusses these issues from the perspective of the management and also covers the issues that may come up during the transition phase. A comparison between open source software and proprietary software has also been included in the report. Management suffers from a number of issues in adopting open source software. Some of these issues have been listed and explained below. There are a number of application platforms that are not compatible with the open source software. The management may face issues in terms of testing and launch of such software in the organization as an outcome of the compatibility issues. A detailed compatibility analysis along with the study of a large number of application platforms is required to be done to come up with an option that fulfills the compatibility criteria of the OSS. Pre-release review of a software is essential as it highlights the bugs and the areas of improvement in the software. The review of pre-release version of the open source software is difficult as the users know that the software will be available for free of cost at the time of the final release as well. This makes it difficult to attract the users to invest their time in the review of the pre-release version. It becomes necessary for the management to develop a marketing strategy in advance so that the market anticipation can be set up well among the users. There are numerous legal issues that may emerge in association with the open source software that are required to be handled by the management. Licenses that are associated with the open source software are in different forms. There are different terms and conditions that are included under all of these license types. For most of the licenses, it becomes necessary to disclose the source code[2]. Licenses Used for OSS There is a usage restriction that is applied on the software for the users who make use of the modified copies. Risk minimization may also come up as a legal issues especially for the users in the categories of software vendors and software developers. One of the most common forms of issues that are associated with Open Source Software are the security issues. The source code of the software becomes available to all which makes it possible for the malevolent entities to exploit the same by using methods, such as hacking and virus attacks. For instance, the organization is thinking over the usage and implementation of MySQL software as the database tool. There is a critical MySQL vulnerability that recently had an impact on almost every version of the software[3]. There were malware codes that were injected in the configuration files of the software that allowed the attackers to gain entry to the server on which the database system was running. There is another attack that is being successfully attempted by the attackers which is called the Drown attack. This is the security vulnerability that has an adverse impact on HTTPS and other services that are associated with Secure Socket Layer (SSL). The encryption mechanisms that are applied on the files are broken down by the Drown attack along with other security protocols[4]. In case of occurrence of any of these or other forms of security attacks, there is a lot of damage that is done to the open source software along with the information sets that are associated with the organization. It, therefore becomes the accountability and responsibility of the management to develop and implement the measures to avoid such security issues. Most of the open source software come with poor documentation which makes it difficult to understand the features and functionalities of the software. Due to the lack of proper documentation, it becomes necessary for the management to provide additional trainings for the employees to make them understand the features of the software. There is an additional cost and effort that is spent in this activity. Issues in the Transition Process The transition process in the adoption of an open source software for an organization includes a lot many steps and stages. There are certain pre-requisites that must be completed before the initiation of the transition process. The first and the foremost step shall be the planning and analysis activities that must be completed. There shall be an implementation plan that must be set up in advance by the management which shall be followed during the process of transition. It would also be required to ensure that the compatibility analysis of the software with the application platforms implemented in the organization is carried out in advance and there are positive results achieved in the same. Feasibility studies on the parameters of technical, operational and financial feasibility must also be done so that management has a complete account of the success of the process. The assessment of the risk areas and their treatment procedures must also be made. The transition shall begin after the completion of the above steps. The transition approach must be a phased approach rather than Big Bang Implementation of the software. This is because of the reason that the success rate will be higher with such an approach. There can be a number of issues that may come up during the transition process which have been listed below. Adopting and making a transition to the open source software will introduce numerous changes for the organizations and its members of the staff. These changes may become difficult to deal in case of absence of a change management plan. The changes may also have a negative implication on the productivity of the employees which may bring down the reputation of the organization[5]. The existing set of processes and methods may be affected by the transition process in association with the open source software. It is because of the reason that the other technical tools will be required to be integrated with this software which may bring down the working of the other tools. During the initial stages of transition, there may be many security vulnerabilities that may be created. These security vulnerabilities and loopholes may be used by the malevolent entities to give shape to the security risks and attacks. In this manner, the organizational information sets and applications may be put at risk. The customers prefer the business units and organizations that have a smooth functioning and the ones that are always available. However, in the case of transition process associated with the open source software, the availability and smooth functioning of the business may get impacted in a negative manner. These transition issues can have some of the extremely severe impacts and it may become difficult for the management to deal with the same. Comparison between OSS Proprietary Software Point of Difference OSS Proprietary Software Cost This form of software comes for free of cost. There are certain utilities that may be required to be purchased additionally; however, the cost of such utilities is also negligible[6]. There is a huge initial investment that is required to be made at the time of purchase. The updates may also be chargeable in this case. Level of Support There may not be a consistent support promised and offered by the vendors of OSS. It becomes the accountability and responsibility of the vendor to provide support to the users in case of any query or technical assistance. Development Process It is not ensured that the development process will be carried out or not. Consistent feature development of the software is offered in this case. Stability and Reliability This type of software offers lesser reliability and stability to the users. It is more stable and reliable in nature as compared to OSS[7]. Vendor Lock-in Vendor lock-in is not possible in this case making redistribution easier and also makes the software more flexible. The vendor owns the software and the entire ownership and authority is in the hands of the vendor in this case. Point of Failure There is no single point of failure and the detection of the bugs can be done easily. There can be a single point of failure present in this case. There are set of pros and cons that are associated with OSS as well as proprietary software. Open source software offers many benefits to the business organizations and users. The primary benefit is in the form of the costs as these come for free of cost. There are also additional benefits offered in the form of flexible solution, no single point of failure, no vendor lock-in etc. Conclusion The choice of open source software shall be based upon the organizational needs. The start-up and small scale units can go for this form of software as it comes for free of cost. These software packages can also be acquired by the business units that do not wish to put complete ownership of the software on the vendor. Annotated Bibliography Aviram, N, S Schinze, "DROWN: Breaking TLS using SSLv2.". in , , 2016, https://drownattack.com/drown-attack-paper.pdf [accessed 27 October 2017]. Aviram and Schinzel have covered the details of the DROWN attack in their article. The meaning and background of the attack along with its mechanism has been covered. There is good use of figures and tables done in the article to support the information that is covered. The authors could have also added the details on the case studies in the form of victims that have been affected by this attack. Clarke, R, D Dorwin, "Is Open Source Software More Secure?.". in , , 2015, https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/05au/whitepaper_turnin/oss(10).pdf [accessed 27 October 2017]. The authors, Clarke and Dorwin, have covered the security issues that are associated with OSS. Source dependent and source independent security vulnerabilities have been explained by the authors along with the analysis of the security tools and socioeconomic factors. The authors could have made use of the case studies to further strengthen their information and details covered in the article. Fontana, R, B Kuhn, E Moglen, M Norwood, D Ravicher, K Sandler et al., "A Legal Issues Primer for Open Source and Free Software Projects.". in , , 2008, https://www.softwarefreedom.org/resources/2008/foss-primer.pdf [accessed 27 October 2017]. Richard and fellow authors have covered the several legal issues that are associated with the open source software. The set of issues that have been covered include the licensing issues, copyright enforcement issues, and patent and trademark issues along with many other organizational issues in the legal framework. There is no use of graphics in the article which could have been included. Pankaja, N, M Raj, "Proprietary software versus Open Source Software for Education.". in , , 2013, https://www.ajer.org/papers/v2(7)/O027124130.pdf [accessed 27 October 2017]. Pankaja and Raj have covered the comparison between proprietary and open source software in the article. Definition of both of these software types and other models has been covered with the details on the comparison on the basis of different parameters. The authors could have further strengthened the information by making use of graphics. Scacchi, W, T Alspaugh, "Issues in Development and Maintenance of Open Architecture Software Systems.". in , , 2017, https://www.ics.uci.edu/~wscacchi/Papers/New/Scacchi-Alspaugh-Crosstalk-2017.pdf [accessed 27 October 2017]. Scacchi and Alspaugh have included the information on the various developmental, maintenance and transition issues that are associated with OSS. The authors have classified the issues on the basis of the issue type and possible impact. There could have been good use of the case studies and examples in the article. Singh, A, R Bansal, N Jha, "Open Source Software vs Proprietary Software.". in , , 2015, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/48b7/64286fde00991c9b8ffc2b88ee8a6c7207b3.pdf [accessed 27 October 2017]. Amandeep Singh and fellow authors have described the comparison between OSS and proprietary software in the article. There is an explanation of both of these software types covered in the article along with the comparison on the basis of costs, flexibility, security, reliability and other parameters. These is a good use of table to strengthen the information which could have been further enhanced by the use of real-life scenarios. Smith, A, K Niemeyer, D Katz, L Barba, G Githinji, M Gymrek et al., "Journal of Open Source Software (JOSS): design and first-year review.". in org, , 2017, https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.02264 [accessed 27 October 2017].

Models, histogram method are i... free essay sample

Models, histogram method are independent of the shape of a cluster, trained simple and rapid way. In evaluation also, they can be utilized in several clock cycles per pixel needed for accessing memory. It was concluded that non-parametric models often outperform parametric ones with the cost of high storage requirement.Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are mathematical models that stimulated by means of human nervous system. In skin detection, ANNs had been applied for specific functions and systems. In illumination reimbursement, dynamic method, in mixture with different strategies, and direct classification, variety of ANNs such as MLP, SOM, PCNN, etc, are exploitedA multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a feed forward synthetic artificial neural network that consists of several layers of nodes in a cyclic directed graph, every layer absolutely linked to the next one. Every neuron is a processing detail with a nonlinear activation feature besides for input ones. A common approach to educate MLPs is back propagation (BP) which is used at the side of optimization techniques along with gradient descent. We will write a custom essay sample on Models, histogram method are i or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nonetheless, skin color distribution of same person defers under different illumination conditions. Even more, if a person is moving the apparent skin color also changes since position is relative to camera and light changes. Human vision system can adapt with the change but digital cameras cannot. To detect rapid change in illumination for skin detection, two types of approaches were taken- color constancy and dynamic adaption. Color constancy transforms image contents to a known illuminant that can represent contents in an image. But estimation of the illuminant is a complex problem. All approaches assume existing camera characteristics and illuminant distribution. Moreover, in general skin color constancy, color constancy is used as a preprocessing step. Dynamic adaption approaches adapted by skin color model to detect changing environment. Cho et al proposed an adaptive threshold for HSV color space. A threshold box in HSV color space is used to separate skin and non-skin pixel. However, to get a robust color representation with varying illumination is a major problem. The neural network based approaches are a promising since it does not make any explicit assumption.2.5 SVM ModelsSupport vector machine (SVMs) are supervised method applied to many pattern recognition tasks as well as human skin classification. The use of annotated training set of skin and non-skin pixels, an SVM training algorithm constructs a model which attempts to assign pixels into the two training class, making it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier. An SVM model is a representation of the pixels as the points in space, mapped so that skin and non-skin pixels are divided by a clear and as wide as possible gap. New pixels are then mapped into that same space and predicted to a category based on which side of the gap they fall on. Han et al. [81] exploited an SVM based on active learning to detect skin pixels for gesture recognition, claiming that in compare with other applications.Performance ComparisonAs a way to carry out a fair empirical evaluation of skin and skin segmentation strategies, its essential to apply a standard and representative training and test set. Different methods have presented their evaluation results based on different sets and for those using the same test-set, even different photos may have been used.From color space point of view, it seems that for those method in which the skin and skin cluster is greater compact, the specific policies are less complicated to design. But accuracy isnt always different in view that color spaces and consequent rules are convertible. However, the overall performance of Bayesian classifiers has been also extraordinary but with highly excessive false detection rate.Additionally the more memory is utilized for construction of table, the better result is achieved. Bayesian methods are evaluated with SGM, GMM, MLP and SOM seems to be better. Phung et al. [7] have in comparison the performance of multiple skin detection methods. The Bayesian classifier outperforms other techniques with a quite excessive difference. Due to the field evaluation nature of multispectral methods, it is not currently possible to compare the performance of these techniques either among themselves or with other systems. However, the high accuracy of such systems in most of normal situations is not questionable.Its tough to derive a strict and truthful conclusion. Moreover, Bayesian classifier with maximum wide variety of bins and huge training set accompanying with Bayesian community had been the great classifiers in terms of accuracy. From speed, computation and implementation cost, however, theres trade off among strategies. With developing new strategies and techniques in recent years, former techniques are set apart, whilst precision gets first priority. But, these methods are much slower than most of traditional methods which makes them incompatible for real-time applications.2.6 Clustering TechniquesIn this study, a clustering method is used, for that reason some clustering methods are discussed here. Clustering is a division of data into groups of similar objects. In each group, named as cluster, consists of objects that have similar properties and dissimilar compared to objects of other groups. If data is representing in cluster it will lose some fine details but achieve simplification. Most data clustering problems are considered NP-hard. Those methods can be categorized into different paradigms -Partitional Clustering, Hierarchical Clustering, Density-based Clustering, Spectral Clustering and Gravitational Clustering.2.6.1 Partitional ClusteringAs the name suggested, in partitional clustering, data is divided into non-overlapping subsets such that each data instance is assigned to exactly one subset. For example, k-means [82] and k-medoids are most famous example. K-means clustering applies an iterative approach. At first it choose the means of cluster commonly known as centroids. Afterwards, it assigns data points to its nearest centroids. This approach is efficient in terms of computational speed and simple to use [83]. However, main shortcoming is vulnerability of random seeding technique. If the initial seeding points are not chosen carefully, the result will be dissatisfactory. For this reason a updated method name k-means++ [84] was proposed to improve However, K-mediod is an improvement of K-means also to deal with discrete data, which takes the data point, most near the center of data points, as the representative of the corresponding cluster

Prohibition Woes essays

Prohibition Woes essays Booze, parties, flappers, bootlegging, and speakeasies are all terms popularized by the Roaring Twenties of America. Such terms sparked into American language by the eighteenth amendment to the United States Constitution calling for the prohibition of alcohol. In January of 1919, the amendment was ratified by a higher percentage of states than any of the previous seventeen amendments (Sebastian Bonafede and Rhiannon Held). The prohibition and temperance movements started as early as the late 1800s, and ran into 1933, when Franklin D. Roosevelt aided in the passing of the twenty- first amendment. This was the amendment written to repeal the eighteenth all together. National prohibition of alcohol, the noble experiment, which sought to reduce crime and corruption, save social problems, and improve health and hygiene in America. The results of the experiment clearly indicate that it was a miserable failure on all counts. America began to alter its views very quickly about alcohol. Many churches and various other groups felt that alcohol was the drink of the devil, and was the root to all the numerous problems in America in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Throughout the 1920s a federation of Protestant womens organizations felt that the eighteenth amendment calling for national prohibition of alcohol was at the least partially effective in the achieving its goals. The group called themselves the Womens National Committee for Law Enforcement because they saw that the only problem with the eighteenth amendment was the need for better law enforcement throughout the many cities of America. Their president, Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, went to The National Prohibition Law, hearing before the Senate. We represent her to-day not only organizations of women, but as a whole, we represent the home, the school, the church, and we stand firmly for no amendment to the eightee...

Compare and Contrast Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Compare and Contrast Research Methods - Essay Example It is argued that unstructured interviews are best in gathering information on social situations as they allow the interviewer to be natural and thus encourage the interviewee’s participation. Focus group is another approach of collecting qualitative data. This is a carefully planned discussion tailored to obtain perceptions on a specific topic or area of interest. The process of information gathering under this method involves the moderator who controls the debate and initiates discussion topics, the note-taker, and the participants (Boeije, 2010). Focus group has almost the same merits with the interviewing method. It generates results at a relatively fast rate, has a high face validity and allows the moderator (who assumes an almost similar role as the interviewer) to explore unanticipated issues. However, this method has its fair share of demerits; the main ones are that it has less experimental control, requires a well trained interviewer and it maybe difficult setting up the group (Rubin & Babbie, 2010). Participant observation requires that the researcher becomes a part and parcel of the group under observation. This approach requires a lot of patience and may sometimes require months or years of observation. This is because the researcher has to be accepted and become a natural part of the group being observed. It is only by achieving this cohesiveness that one can ascertain gathered data as of natural phenomenon (Delamont & Jones, 2012). If successfully carried out, this method represents the best approach in gathering data on a natural phenomenon as there is absolutely no chance of manipulation or influence. The major disadvantage with this approach is that it may take the researcher a long time to gather data. Additionally, it is at times not possible to record all data as the researcher may loose focus as he assumes the same natural roles as the focus group (Holloway, Wheeler & Holloway, 2010). Ethnography is the study of social interactions, behaviors and perceptions that take place within social groupings. This approach is said to have grown from anthropological studies that focused on small cultural groupings in the early 20th century. Under ethnographical studies, the researcher becomes an active participant and takes extensive notes (DeWalt & DeWalt, 2011). Participant observation, discussed earlier, is considered an approach under ethnographical approaches. This is mainly because it entails a researcher assuming the role of participant as they go on with their duty of data gathering and data recording. Ethnographical approaches allow for gathering richly detailed data and also provide the researcher with a chance to participate in unscheduled events (Thomas, Nelson & Silverman, 2011). The downside of ethnographical approaches is that the researcher may ignore activities that happen out of the public eye and he may also be tempted to rely on information provided by a few key informants. Consequently, reliance on in formants permeates bias as these may not have the objectivity while reporting on the social context. Biographical research is the compilation and analysis of an intensive report detailing an entire life or a part of life, through an in-depth, unstructured

Multiculturalism in canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multiculturalism in canada - Essay Example According to Bertrand, this commission was formed with the aim of investigating the existence of different cultures and ethnic groups in the country, and to devise recommendations on how the government can incorporate all of them in all walks of life in the country. The commission was also to take into account the cultural enrichment that the other ethnic groups provided in the country and find measures that could be taken to safeguard that contribution (Bertrand, par 3). Although it seems as though multiculturalism is a phenomenon that confers some advantage to a country, this essay outlines some of the damaging effects it expedites. It would be worthwhile to investigate how multiculturalism in Canada has promoted the creation of "segregated racial and ethno-cultural enclaves within local communities," (Garcea), leading to a country where the people are divided into numerous ethnic groups with different cultural backgrounds instead of uniting them. Garcea continues in this article t hat though the government tries hard to concentrate "immigrants with similar racial or ethno-cultural backgrounds," into the same location, multiculturalism "promotes and supports the creation of ethno-specific secular and religious institutions to serve the needs of each major ethno-cultural community." Clearly, immigrants to Canada do not automatically adopt the same national identity that the locals share, but they retain their own sense of identity and culture that they bring along from their own native country. Banting and Kymlicka have found that multiculturalism actually leads to feelings of alienation among the immigrants, and they quote that " racial minorities are less confident they fully belong," (Banting and Kymlicka, 54). Multiculturalism has also been blamed for resulting in discrimination and racism. Banting and Kymlicka claim that these minorities are " clearly are victims of racism," (Banting and Kymlicka, 64), and that they are more likely to be discriminated upon and face racist situations in the country. Banting and Kymlicka also state that " in comparison with white immigrants, minority immigrants have a greater sense of discrimination and vulnerability," (Banting and Kymlicka, 55). Additionally, "multiculturalism fosters competition and inequality between ethno-cultural groups," and also, "after some period of struggle a very clear group hierarchy will emerge and thereafter life chances will again be a direct consequence of ethnic background," (Garcea). He further states in his article that "this inequality results from the political dynamics between the relationships of the leadership of ethno-cultural groups and some political parties whereby the former seek political status and financial resources to advance the group's and personal interests, and the latter seek various forms of support to win elections," (Garcea). Clearly, multiculturalism does not lead to the creation of an equal and egalitarian society where everyone has the same chances of success in life regardless of their ethnicity; it instead promotes the creation of a hierarchal system, based on one's ethnicity. Multiculturalism has also led to the creation of conflicts between the different ethno-cultural gr

Can Alkaline Diets Prevent Cancer Research Paper

Can Alkaline Diets Prevent Cancer - Research Paper Example Amid the rising cases of cancer, the main question is; what actually went wrong after the widespread industrial revolution that cancer and other degenerative diseases have become close components of human life? The answer could be very simple; our eating habits. Before the advent of industrial revolution, human beings survived on natural food substances with balanced amount of minerals that boosted the body immune system as well as performing detoxification. Today, because of industrialization we embrace consumption of processed foods rather than the natural diets. Going by the evident trend in the manner in which cancer spreads today or simply comparing and contrasting the lifestyles of agrarian periods and the current industrial periods, it is determinate that consumption of natural food is the surest way of preventing cancer (Earl 292). In this case, natural foods are considered as food substances rich in alkaline or high pH values. The main alkaline food substances are citrus fruits, fresh vegetables, nuts, legumes and seeds. Alkaline food substances do not encompass substances like grains, excess salt, excess dairy products or meat. Earl states that alkaline food substances play a significant role in ensuring preventing an individual from developing cancerous cells (292). It is however not stated that an individual should not consume acidic food substances, but at regulated low amount. This is because acid is usually required for digestion purposes in the stomach but should always be at the pH of 1.3-1.75. In order to fight cancerous cells, blood and not the stomach requires a high alkalinity level, pH of 7.34-7.46. The reason why a high proportion of acid is never essential for the body is because it results to the development of toxins that suppress the body immune system thereby inhibiting cells from absorbing oxygen. Further accumulation of acid and inhibited supply of oxygen lays ground for

Pressure Pulse Production of Train Passing to Adjacent Line

Pressure Pulse Production of Train Passing to Adjacent Line This topic concerns the pressure pulse produced by one train on another being passed on an adjacent line. Although studies of this phenomenon had been undertaken for research and development purposes during the 1970s, a need to quantify the magnitude of the effect for existing and future high speed service routes arose in the late 1980s due to adverse comments from train users. The comments were relatively rare, but mainly centred around passengers being startled by the banging of doors (particularly of external sliding doors used on some types of Multiple Unit) and windows (particularly hopper windows) when passed by other trains at high speeds. In addition, coffee and other drinks resting on tables on the side adjacent to the Fast line, mainly in other HSTs, were regularly spilt by passing HSTs. This was caused by a rapid displacement of the coach wall against which the tables rested. Although the events could not be called serious, it was evident that a criterion was needed for the design of new trains for the: i) Door and window mounts and for the structural side-wall stiffness of vehicles likely to be operating on high speed routes ii) Future high speed train nose shapes, (as it was known that it was the aerodynamic shaping, as well as speed, of the source train that sized the pulse magnitude). Subsequently, tests were undertaken by the Research Division of BRB in 1988 to assess the magnitude of the largest pressure pulses produced by service trains at that time. Tests were undertaken on ECML with a test vehicle being passed, during both static and moving tests, by a number of service trains. Of particular interest was HST, as it was often the offending train and was operating at speeds up to 125 mi/h on tracks at a nominal spacing of 3.4m. In some places, track spacing was known to be less than this and, of course, considerably more than this in other places. In addition, the Class 91 loco was being produced and it was necessary to choose a criterion bearing in mind future operation of the IC225 train (also on ECML). In that event, it was decided during discussions between the senior managements of the Research Division and the IC225 Project Team that IC225 operation at 225 km/h should form the limiting condition for defining the pulse limit. At that time, prior to tests being undertaken with Class 91, it had been assumed that the pulse characteristics generated by the nose shape of the Class 91 would be similar to HST, and therefore that a criterion based on an HST result scaled up from 125 mi/h to 225 km/h (140mi/h) should be adopted. Results from the tests produced a mean value, (taken over several passes at different track spacings and speeds of both trains), for the HST normalised to 3.4 m nominal track interval, which was given by the non-dimensional parameter, à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾CP = 0.6. At 225 km/h, this equated to 1.44 kPa peak-to-peak amplitude. Subsequent tests with IC225 showed the Class 91 to have slightly better characteristics than HST, but the 1.44 kPa value was adopted for future project design purposes. An indication of this is given in the attached letter involving a proposed lC250 development for WCML operation written by the Technical Director (Research) of British Rail Research to the Project Director IC225. It is important to note that, in this letter and elsewhere, the 1.44 kPa criterion was defined in association with 3.4 m track spacing. Similarly, acceptance tests undertaken during development work on new train designs were checked against a limit of 1.44 kPa at 3.4 m track spacing. Further, BR Research advised that, for practical purposes during track tests, compliance with the criterion was to be checked against a measurement taken at mid-window height on a stationary observing train on straight track on a calm (no wind) day. The result then was to be corrected to nominal 3.4m track spacing. Observations In the same way as for the original tests and for the nominal service condition chosen by Research and DMEE management, there will be circumstances now when 1.44 kPa is exceeded. For example, movement of the observing train, the presence of cross-winds, reduced track spacing and track curvature can all increase the pulse amplitude. Thus, it is important to adopt this specification of the reference set of conditions under which the criterion is to be met. Note that the above implies that rolling stock operating on high speed routes should be structurally designed to a criterion in excess of l.44kPa for the train passing pressure pulse case. For the proof load case of unsealed trains, this will usually be covered by the Q.5kPa specification for vehicle body structures (see Railtrack Gp. Stds. GM/TT0l22, GM/TTOl23, GM/RC2504). Sealed trains will be covered by their own more stringent limits. However, fatigue load cases particularly for unsealed trains may need to incorporate higher values associated with regular exceedances of the 1.44 kPa value. It would appear, therefore, that the original Railtrack Spec. for WCML mistakenly omitted reference to 3.4 m track spacing in its definition of the conditions under which the 1.44 kPa criterion   should be met. Incidentally, the corresponding Railtrack Spec. for ECML does define 3.4 m as the reference condition.

Analysis: The American Perspective On Hackers Essay -- social issues

Analysis: The American Perspective On Hackers The issue of public information has always been a controversy in our world. One of our country’s founding arguments was based on the necessity of free speech and free information. Many now believe that our government is being overly restrictive on information, blocking and controlling some aspects of free speech that first amendment advocates feel are necessary to maintain our American society. These advocates of free information have been using the nickname â€Å"hackers† for over twenty years, but improper use by the media has stretched the word to slanderous levels. Hackers are now stereotyped as mindless vandals and miscreants, although the word â€Å"hacker† has been used as a term for computer programmers and technicians since the late 1970s. Modern-day hackers refer to themselves as intelligent socio-political activists who want to raise social awareness of threatening problems. Governments worldwide are trying to persecute hackers when vandals, not hacker s, are most often the ones breaking laws and causing damage. The conflict between hackers and the American public is a deeply rooted standoff, caused by misinformation and sensationalism from the media and the government. To evaluate and analyze this conflict objectively, both points of view must be put into proper perspective. This was a simple task for me, because I am a very technically oriented person who does not get lost in the â€Å"computer jargon† used by both the â€Å"hackers† and the political forces. I have worked as a security engineer for three Internet Service Providers. I am presently a security programmer at the second-largest private Internet Service Provider in Tampa. To do my job, I must to understand the thoughts and methods of the cyber-delinquents often misnamed as â€Å"hackers.† This experience has given me a strong perspective of both the intruder and victim’s side. Firstly, take the view of the American people. This includes people who do and do not have computers at home, and do not understand their core functions. This group also makes up the majority of the users on the Internet. Most of them are home users with no intentions of understanding the machine they own. They see â€Å"hackers† as being electronic vandals and information thieves, breaking computer networks and destroying data. They fear anyone with cyber-power, because they do not un... ... This part of our society has proven that it is unable to accept other individuals and groups who are more intelligent and still believe in our Nation’s first amendment, out of fear that the rest of the world might evolve around them, without them. Rather than persecute and attack the hackers in our society and in our world, we need to embrace them. They are the people trying their hardest to make a difference in our government and society. They are the ones speaking out as we all should about atrocities, such as the East Timor Massacre in Indonesia seven years ago (http://www.2600.com/hacked/). True hackers are not out to destroy things. They want to learn and make a difference in our world. Our society should stop limiting their potential as human beings and citizens by slandering them. Our society should stop blindly believing stories about them without hearing both sides, as our Government, which is run by â€Å"We, the People† must become educated before creati ng and enforcing laws. Otherwise, we, as a society, are burying ourselves in ignorant beliefs, disrupting learning and the growth of knowledge. After all, no one can honestly say that they want to live in an ignorant society.

Test of English as a Foreign Language

English, the third most common language spoken after Mandarin and Spanish, is spoken by around 370 to 390 million people in around 50 different countries. Many renowned universities, require their students, in the undergraduate, graduate and post graduate programs to first prove their proficiency in the English language, as an entrance criteria. This created a need for a standard test, accepted and recognized by these universities, to be created. Test of English as a Foreign Language or TOEFL as it is commonly referred to as, is such a test. This test is developed and conducted by the Educational Testing Service. TOEFL can be administered via the internet(TOEFL iBT) or can be written as a paper based test(TOEFL PBT). Written Tests are only administered in places where Internet Based Testing Centers for TOEFL are unavailable. This test score along with the applicant's other academical information becomes the foundation for their admission process. The test score scale ranges from 0 to 120, for TOEFL iBT, and from 310 to 677 for TOEFL PBT. The minimum test score acceptable, varies from university to university, depending on factors like courses undertaken or whether the applicant is an undergrad, grad or post grad.TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBT tests the four basic skills needed for effective communication namely- Reading, Speaking, Listening and Writing. They test the takers toread, listen, and then speak in response to a questionlisten and then speak in response to a questionread, listen, and then write in response to a questionThe test is 4 hours long and it is essential that all the four sections of the test be taken on the same day itself.Test FormatSECTION FORMAT TIMEREADING 3-5 passages(700words), 12-14 question each 60-100 minutesLISTENING 2–3 conversations, 5 questions each4–6 lectures, 6 questi ons each 60-90 minutes10 MINUTES BREAKSPEAKING 6 tasks which include 2 independent and 4 integrated 20 minutesWRITING 2 tasks which include 1 integrated task and1 independent task 50minutes(20 for integrated and 30 for independent)The time displayed above is not an actual representation, and may vary on the number of questions.Reading SectionThe reading sections tests the applicant's ability to, comprehend, learn and to find information from university level academic passages and texts. The questions asked in the reading section are of the following formatMultiple choice questions- asking the applicant to select a single answer from a given set of optionsMultiple choice questions asking the applicant to select an option to â€Å"insert a sentence† where it fits best in a passageQuestions with more than four choices and more than one possible correct answer.Listening SectionThis section tests the applicants ability to understand Spoken English, by testing his/her ability to un derstand lectures and conversations. The applicant is allowed to take notes while listening to the material provided. These notes will be collected at the end of the test and destroyed. Questions asked in the Listening section, are usually asked in the following formatsMultiple choice questions with a single correct answerMultiple choice questions with more than one correct answerQuestions that require the user to order eventsQuestions that require the applicant to match objects or text to categories in a chartSome questions replay a portion of the audio material provided, so that the applicant need not memorize the material before answering the question.Speaking SectionHere the applicant is tested for his ability to communicate, participate in casual conversations, respond to questions etc. This section includes six tasks that that the applicant must undertake before proceeding further. The first two task are independent speaking tasks, where the user is asked to express their opinion or idea on topics provided, or on topics that the applicant is comfortable with. The next four tasks are integrated tasks where the applicant must use more than one of their skills before responding. These skills may include reading, listening and speaking. The user is only allowed to spend 20 minutes in this section.Writing SectionThis section tests the applicants ability to present their ideas in a clear and well organized manner. Here students are required to undertake two tasks, one integrated and one independent. Independent tasks include writing essays, articles, expressing opinions etc. The student's range of grammar, vocabulary, spelling, punctuations and layout are tested under Independent tasks. Under Integrated tasks students are required to summarize, paraphrase, and cite accurate information from the source material. The total time sanctioned for both these tasks is 50 minutes. TOEFL scores are valid for 2 years. These scores are visible,10 days after the exam on the TOEFL registration website. Printed Scores are mailed after 13 days. More than 10,000 universities in around 130 countries accept TOEFL scores for their admission process. So when you plan on an education abroad, Think TOEFL.

Calculating Enthalpy Changes Using Hesss Law

Calculating Enthalpy Changes Using Hess's Law Hesss Law, also known as Hesss Law of Constant Heat Summation, states that the total enthalpy of a chemical reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes for the steps of the reaction. Therefore, you can find enthalpy change by breaking a reaction into component steps that have known enthalpy values. This example problem demonstrates strategies for  how to use Hesss Law to find the enthalpy change of a reaction using enthalpy data from similar reactions. Hess's Law Enthalpy Change Problem What is the value for ΔH for the following reaction?CS2(l) 3 O2(g) → CO2(g) 2 SO2(g)Given:C(s) O2(g) → CO2(g); ΔHf -393.5 kJ/molS(s) O2(g) → SO2(g); ΔHf -296.8 kJ/molC(s) 2 S(s) → CS2(l); ΔHf 87.9 kJ/mol Solution Hesss law says the total enthalpy change does not rely on the path taken from beginning to end. Enthalpy can be calculated in one grand step or multiple smaller steps.To solve this type of problem, we need to organize the given chemical reactions where the total effect yields the reaction needed. There are a few rules that must be followed when manipulating a reaction. The reaction can be reversed. This will change the sign of ΔHf.The reaction can be multiplied by a constant. The value of ΔHf must be multiplied by the same constant.Any combination of the first two rules may be used. Finding a correct path is different for each Hesss law problem and may require some trial and error. A good place to start is to find one of the reactants or products where there is only one mole in the reaction.We need one CO2, and the first reaction has one CO2 on the product side.C(s) O2(g) → CO2(g), ΔHf -393.5 kJ/molThis gives us the CO2 we need on the product side and one of the O2 moles we need on the reactant side.To get two more O2 moles, use the second equation and multiply it by two. Remember to multiply the ΔHf by two as well.2 S(s) 2 O2(g) → 2 SO2(g), ΔHf 2(-326.8 kJ/mol)Now we have two extra S and one extra C molecule on the reactant side we dont need. The third reaction also has two S and one C on the reactant side. Reverse this reaction to bring the molecules to the product side. Remember to change the sign on ΔHf.CS2(l) → C(s) 2 S(s), ΔHf -87.9 kJ/molWhen all three reactions are added, the extra two sulfur and one extra c arbon atoms are canceled out, leaving the target reaction. All that remains is adding up the values of ΔHf.ΔH -393.5 kJ/mol 2(-296.8 kJ/mol) (-87.9 kJ/mol)ΔH -393.5 kJ/mol - 593.6 kJ/mol - 87.9 kJ/molΔH -1075.0 kJ/molAnswer:  The change in enthalpy for the reaction is -1075.0 kJ/mol. Facts About Hess's Law Hesss Law takes its name from Russian chemist and physician Germain Hess. Hess investigated thermochemistry and published his law of thermochemistry in 1840.To apply Hesss Law, all of the component steps of a chemical reaction need to occur at the same temperature.Hesss Law may be used to calculate  entropy and Gibbs energy in addition to enthalpy.

Quarks and Creation †World Religion Essay

Quarks and Creation – World Religion Essay Free Online Research Papers Quarks and Creation World Religion Essay This week we listened to John Polkinghorne speak about similarities that progressive science and theology share. Polkinghorne served as Professor of Mathematical Physics at Cambridge University, and is a Fellow of The Royal Society all before becoming an Anglican Priest at the age of forty-nine. Both the scientific world and the theological world are searching for truth. Polkinghorne has published many books and articles on this topic. He has found many connections between quantum physics and religion and does not believe that they are competing but rather they help to explain the other quite well. The quantum world is a complex world. Things on the surface are not always easy to believe or see. Reality is equally rich; it is full of many layers. However science is limited at times because it only looks at one layer at a time. Important things are learned this way but we also know that the humans experience is one that presents a great amount of complexity. Humans treat things in their wholeness much like a painter looks at a piece of art. A scientist might look at a painting and try to figure out the composition of the medium as apposed to just stepping back and enjoying the painting. Or stepping and enjoying the complexity that is found when all different elements are experienced at once. Beauty is an interesting thing and a word not often thought of when we are describing math. However, mathematical beauty is something that Polkinghorne finds when trying to understand the laws of nature. This is because the fundamental laws of nature are generally very mathematical based; concise but deep. These are simple equations that make up one line or two with a limited number of simples. If they are not beautiful equations then they generally not correct says Polkinghorne. So what appears to be simple is actually quite deep. Those who speak the language mathematics agree on what a beautiful equation is in the world of science. In the 18th century people starting to say science can explain everything but when questions were proposed that science could not answer the idea of the God of the Gaps came about. This is a God that does those things that science was yet to explain. But this is a pretty limited view of God because once science is able to explain a problem thought to be left up to God; God is no longer needed. Another fundamental flaw of this perspective of God is to say that if nature does it, we dont need. By 19th century scientists were arguing about such ideas as the fundamental composition of light. Is light a particle or a wave? The Quantum Field Theory was later discovered and allowed for the idea that if you propose a particle question about light you can get a particle answer and if you ask a wave like question you get a wave answer. Polkinghorne uses this example to better explain the dilemma of life of Jesus. He was both a man and so much more. This also helps to show that science is fully engaged in the idea of faith. Often times a scientist will know that something is true because the result is seen but it takes time to develop a way to actually witness the process. Polkinghorne says that Genesis 1 and 2 were clearly not written as scientific books. They were more like poems used to teach people about the awesome power of God. Genesis 1 for example does not have a correct sense time nor is the order of creation correct. For example stars come on the 4th day but the sun came on the first. You can not read poetry and believe it to be prose and in this way creationist are actually being disrespectful to scripture. It took 14 billion years to get where we are now. Certainly God is not in a hurry and is obvious to see that creation is an on going process. How arrogant to think that we are final product of God. God created something more interesting than a ready made world. We live in a world of true becoming. So if we live in a world of true becoming then God does not know the future because it has not happened yet. This is not an imperfection just a reality. God is not the puppet master of the universe nor can God can make 2 + 2 = 5 because someone chooses to pray for it. God operates under the laws of nature or the laws of God. Polkinghorne proposes that the laws of nature are simply the laws of God. The laws of God have a shadow side to them as well. For example we believe that having tectonic plates is important but sometimes they slip, when they slip they create earthquakes. The hard answer is that nature is allowed to be the way God made it. God doesn’t will the act of a murderer or the death by an earthquake but simply allows them to happen as they are the downside of free will. Suffering is built into freedom. How could a good God build a world that has so much suffering some ask? Our problems with suffering are actually just deep existential problems, â€Å"why is this happening to me?† The Christian God is not simply a stand off God, Christ suffered too. Perhaps this is part of the draw that Christianity offers. Jesus was nailed to a cross as a human and also felt the human emotion of being forsaken by his father. Research Papers on Quarks and Creation - World Religion EssayMind TravelThree Concepts of Psychodynamic19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionGenetic EngineeringHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Essay One Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One - Essay Example One can connect the relationship between faith and reason to a couple’s relationship. There would be sides of stories but for a relationship to work, one party should make an effort to recompense if both parties would want the relationship to succeed. This is very relatable to faith and reason, throughout the centuries; the worlds of religion and science have collided without any signs of slowing down. Yet both John Locke and St. Thomas Aquinas believe that faith is a kind of reason. Reading through the works of both Lock and St. Aquinas, both have seemed to suggest that faith can be considered as reason. Even for some from the religious sect, they are using faith in giving reasons as far as miracles or unexplainable occurrences (Tavani, 2-4; Nash, 58). Religion often uses the faith of their most loyal devotees in reasoning about the existence of things which are intangible and cannot be justified by any scientific methods. With such statement being said there is an aspect of religion that is also a part of a feature of science. One point that can be considered by the belief of both Locke and Aquinas is that it can also be reversible. Reason can also be a species of faith. It is not just a one-way relationship. Just what has been stated earlier, faith and reason can be compared to a relationship where one party can complement the other. One party may not always be correct but the other would complement its shortcomings to make the relationship work. Reason may not always have concrete values and scientific explanations yet people who have heard the reason could believe in it and therefore result in having faith in the reason whether or not it has intangible supporting facts which may or may not be resolved any further (Tavani, 3-5) . Locke believes that the scriptures have no role in divine right but rather deep thoughts on the absence of

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer Essay

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer - Essay Example These three aspects have been a characteristic of society since the creation of the first social group. This then highlights the intrinsic extent of inequality. However, in the aim of maintaining the objectivity of this paper, economic inequality will be the principal focus. This is hinged on the fact that the main distinguishing element in the contemporary society is phrased in economic terms. The economic power and potential of an individual is used to elevate them into higher status. As such, the main rationale for this eventuality is the wage inequality of the contemporary society. A majority of the people are dependent, wholly, on the wages as their principal source of income. This translates to mean that changes in level of wage are bound to instigate a change in economic capabilities of the household. In this way, the rich continue to increase their wealth while the poor continue to struggle out of economic troubles that are continuously becoming difficult. In the endeavor of explicating on this pertinent issue, this paper will expound on the complexities of this subject matter. As such, it will include the work of Richard Reich, which tackles this issue. Economic inequality is at times regarded as an intrinsic element that cannot be removed. However, with the proper policies and attitude changes, this much needed realignment will be eventually be realized. In the absence of this, the level of inequality will continue to increase rapidly. The existence of inequality is imperative for the growth of a society. This is hinged on the rationale that this inequality is at times an element of motivation. As such its absence will lead to many looking for external motivating factors to work hard in life. There is always going to be those individuals I society who does not want to work hard like the other kinfolk. As such, with persons such as those in the society, it is a remarkable feat to counter the effects of such behavior. These assertions do not signal the absence strategies and subsequent policies that have been structured to aid in the reduction in the level of inequality. Rather, these assertions propagate the notion that these pre-existing policies are not efficient towards realizing this goal. As such, there is a need to offer fashion new strategies and polices that have a higher probability of realizing this goal of equality reduction. However, prior to embarking on the exercise of strategizing, it is essential to understand, first, the complexities of economic inequality. Robert Reich dedicates his article, â€Å"Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer† to this increasing economical gap between the upper, middle and lower class of people. To this fact, he employs the use of metaphors that are characterized by three boats. He continues to assert that these three boats are rising and falling. The rate with which these boats are sinking is varied. Additionally, it is dependent on the occupants and their role in corporate America (Reich 309). The boat representing the workers involved in routine processes is sinking at a rapid rate. The second boat represents the in-person servers and its rate of sinking is slow. However, in contradiction to the two previous boats, the third boat is rising steadily. This boat represents the symbolic analysts. Instead of simply stating the members of each boat and their respective rate of sinking, Reich gives the adopted rationale for the theory. The rapid rate of the first boat of routine workers is because of outsourcing initiatives employed by American firms (Reich, 310). What is referred to as cheap production alternatives is detrimental to the welfare of these routine workers. American firms, and many international firms, are

Babylonians and Sumerians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Babylonians and Sumerians - Essay Example The researcher states that one of the points of commonality between Sumerians and Babylonians is religion. Babylonians and Sumerians were both highly polytheistic. At some points, as neighboring city-states, Babylonians and Sumerians shared the same gods. All these gods were based on the perceptions that people had towards forces of nature. To this extent, both the Sumerians and Babylonians had the god(s) of air, sun, moon, rain and sea. Both civilizations also had towers or ziggurats in the middle of their cities. Sacrifices were offered to the pantheon of gods in Sumeria and Babylon. Nevertheless, in the offering of sacrifice, there is a parting point since the Sumerians offered only crop harvests while the Babylonians sacrificed even their children. Both civilizations were city-states. Again, both civilizations had all-dispensing rulers. In Sumeria, the powerful political ruler, Gilgamesh was also a priest. However, in Babylon, Hammurabi (fl. ca. 1792 – 1750 BC) the ruler w as a king, priest and lawgiver. Both civilizations used the Sumerian language, though the Babylonians limited their use of the Sumerian language to religious purposes. The Babylonians used the Akkadian language for official purposes while the Sumerians had their own language. According to Finkel and Reade, Babylonians is no doubt one of the biggest city-states in Mesopotamia. For one, as touching architecture, Babylonians erected massive buildings and architectural structures such as the Hanging Gardens and the Ishtar Gates. The Babylonians among many other things invested advanced techniques of irrigation along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. This helped the Babylonians grow a lot of crops. Gadotti observes that the Sumerians also had their inventions, even in the field of architecture and art. One of the most remarkable works of Sumerian art is the Erech vase in alabaster.

Christian and Islamic Art Essay Example for Free

Christian and Islamic Art Essay Christian and Islamic Art The difference between Islamic art and Christian art is that Christian art is of human objects and forms while Islamic art portrays the meaning and reflection of things. Unlike Christian art, people do not appear on Islamic art. Unlike Christian art, Islam art does not include pictures and statues of Prophets and Gods. Christian art however, brings religious forms and images to life. It represents spiritual beliefs through illustrated scenes from the life of Jesus. It gives us images of biblical episodes and even carries on stories and images of those now deceased. The Catacombs (Christian burials) represents the final resting place for Christians. It represents ultimate love, sacrifice and triumph. When I first entered into the Catacombs of Rome, I remember walking down into the catacomb and feeling bit nervous as I was surrounded by darkness. It was dark, humid, smelly and yet, so beautiful! There were religious carvings on the inside that almost looked like chalk drawings. The clearest memory I have is visiting the section where the martyrs were buried and putting myself in their position. Would I have been so brave? In Islam, calligraphy is a major Islamic art form. Writing, books, geometry and patterns are most important. In Islam art, geography reflects the language of the world and most importantly, it reflects their spiritualism. A circle for example has no end and represents infinity. It represents never ending love. For Islam, the circle is a reminder that Allah is infinite. My Muslim brother-in-law, born in Lebanon, doesn’t take pictures and explained to that in his culture, taking pictures of living forms is forbidden. They can take pictures of objects, but not of pets or humans. Of course, in my culture we save pictures for memory keepsakes. After 7 years of marriage, he agreed to take a family picture with my sister and their three sons. It was a huge sacrifice in his part but this also explains how art, religion and culture have an influence on each other.

The Caracter of Meursault in The Stranger (The Outsider) Essay

The Caracter of Meursault in The Stranger      Ã‚   Albert Camus' The Stranger is a startling novel at worst and a haunting classic at best. Camus presents a thrilling story of a man devoid of emotion, even regarding the most sensitive, personal matters. The main character, Meursault shows no feelings after the death of his mother, during his romantic relationship with Marie, or during his trial for the murder of an Arab. Meursault never shows feelings of love, regret, remorse, or sadness. It takes a great amount of skill to portray such a seemingly inhuman character as someone who is complex and multi-faceted like Meursault is.    Camus shows a definite sense of audience in this book. His language and phrasing shows that he has aimed the book towards an older crowd, one that would understand the message he wants to portray. Even when the language is written in a simple tone, it still seems aimed at an older audience:    Fumbling a little with my words and realizing how ridiculous I sounded, I blurted out that it was because of the sun. People laughed. My lawyer threw up his hands, and immediately after that he was given the floor (103).    The subject matter itself is certainly aimed towards an adult audience. Some topics include sex, murder, death of a family member, and domestic abuse. Religion, or lack thereof, is a topic heavily discussed during Meursault's trial for murder. Meursault is a self-professed atheist, and there are numerous conversations between the main character and others he interacts with on this topic.    The author is an important part of The Stranger. Camus developed his theory of the absurd - the idea that life has no rational meaning - during World War II. ... ... Compare sentences from the first half of the novel to the second half:    "As soon as he saw me, he sat up a little and put his hand in his pocket" (58). "Especially when the emptiness of a man's heart becomes, as we find it has in this man, an abyss threatening to swallow up society" (101).    The first sentence has less detail and feeling to it; the second example seems to have more emotion and feeling in its structure    In conclusion, all of these elements help to make The Stranger a classic tale of murder and the absurd. Camus' treatment of Meursault's tormented world, where everything makes sense to only him is an ingenious way of looking at the sheer monotony and almost redundant tendencies of life in general.       Work Cited: Camus, Albert. The Stranger, trans. Mathew Ward. New York: Random House, Inc., 1988.

Shakespeares Soliloquies - Hamlet’s Soliloquy Essay -- The Tragedy of

Hamlet's Soliloquy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         The purpose of a soliloquy is to outline the thoughts and feelings of a certain character at a point in the play. It reveals the innermost beliefs of the character and offers an unbiased perspective as it is merely the character talking to the audience, albeit not directly, and not to any other characters who may cause the character to withhold their true opinions. Therefore, Hamlet's first soliloquy (act 1, scene 2) is essential to the play as it highlights his inner conflict caused by the events of the play. It reveals his true feelings and as such emphasizes the difference between his public appearance, his attitude towards Claudius in the previous scene is less confrontational than here where he is directly insulted as a "satyr", and his feelings within himself. In this essay, I will outline how Shakespeare communicates the turmoil of Hamlet's psyche.    Hamlet's despair stems from his mother's marriage to his uncle and it is this that is the driving force behind what is communicated. His constant repetition of the time in which it took the two to get married, "But two months dead...yet within a month...A little month...Within a month...most wicked speed", suggests his disgust at the situation and that it is not necessarily the nature of their "incestuous" relationship that troubles Hamlet; more the short time in which it occurred. In fact, this is especially well communicated to the audience as, throughout the soliloquy, the passage of time that Hamlet describes gets less from "two months" to "Within a month". This has the effect of outlining Hamlet's supposed contempt of his mother for only mourning a month whilst also highlighting that it is the time involved that is vexing him a... ...t only through the diction but also through the imagery, language and underlying messages of the text. It successfully highlights the divisions of character of Hamlet whilst aiding the audience in building a connection with him.    Works Cited and Consulted: Boklund, Gunnar. "Hamlet." Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965. Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Mack, Maynard. "The World of Hamlet." Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.      

In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964?

?In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964? Britain as a country in the year 1951 stood as a country widely effected by the Second World War and the country reflected visible damage which the war had caused. Many young men were on the National Service, rationing was only just coming to an end and also social life in Britain felt like it was in the past.However some felt that the year 1951 was a year of change, they felt as if they were on the way to a new modern world which presented technological and social progress, Children who were born during the â€Å"baby boom† were born into a different society to which their parents grew up in. Leading up to the year 1964 there were many social tensions, changes in attitudes and significant shifts i population which can identify how Britain’s society had changed dramatically.After 1951 you could say Britain experienced a â€Å"demographic change† . Birth rates ran consistently against d eath rates, an explanation for this could be the advances in medical treatments which improved under the influence of the welfare state this then led to an increase standard of nutrition and hygiene.Another factor which could contribute to the demographic change was the increase of inward migration , in the year 1948 around 250,000 immigrants arrived in Britain from the West Indies Particularly those from the common wealth had become a vital part of British society, and in the process, transformed important aspects of British life although it eventually led to overpopulation, and immigration caused racial tension and segregation for example the Nottingham riots.Britain encouraged immigrants to come to the â€Å"mother land† to help recover from the ravages of war however this caused racial tension between the immigrants and the British, the tension was more apparent as the lack of housing became a problem as did the competition for jobs. The increase of immigrants led to less scopes for jobs as did the fact people were living longer due to the up and running free service of the NHS which many felt immigrants didn’t deserve. Many British people that had a skill in a specific trade were forced to take up trades that required no skill at all which angered them .Due to immigration, discrimination in jobs was open, for example shop keepers put a sign up saying what kind of workers they were looking for, and this gave many British people the advantage of the immigrants as a confidence trick to govern the country due to being imperial. Excluded from much of the social and economic life the immigrants began to adjust the institutions they had brought with them, for example their churches and the fact they had a British education which meant that the government gave them the right to follow their own traditions and reduced the challenges of schooling.However this also increased segregation between the immigrants and those who opposed, conflict and discrim ination was very common, it became easier to recognise people’s origins and social background from their dress scene and accents. The government weren’t prepared for the reaction of the public immigration would cause regarding the unhappiness of being restricted in the job market, they then introduced the immigration act which stopped immigrant wanting to come into the country although if left the ones already in Britain feeling very isolated and betrayed which sparked their rebellion.The conservative government had traditional views upon empire and they were objective to change which socially changed the views of the public and changed the country into a closed racist country portraying how uneducated Britain was at the time and how post war prosperity wasn’t the only thing that sculpted social change in Britain . On the other hand there was also a strong amount of outward migration. Australia was appealing to British citizens as it had many jobs and a good amo unt of housing available.Affluence began to become more apparent in every class, which meant people were becoming a lot wealthier due to the rise in wages. However this lead to competition regarding jobs and housing and even schooling due to people having more money to spend. This created a more distinctive overview between classes meaning that people could recognise immediately what class you belonged to and what your origins and social background was. The class spilt became more evident throughout the schooling system.Schooling during 1951-64 was a major social problem due to the psychological strain on pupils had to pass their 11+ in order to achieve a better education by their parents as they wanted to avoid the social shame. The technical and grammar schools only took the most capable students which left the working class children with very basic education as they couldn’t afford any private tuition and often weren’t capable at the age of 11 to enter the grammar s chools although after a few years they were ready to undergo more strenuous studying but by this time it was too late.The natural progression was from the most private boarding schools, to the most prestigious colleges at Oxford or Cambridge and thence into positions of power and influence this in turn led to the working class feeling discriminated. Eden for example went to Eton and Oxford and found himself in the prime ministers position. It was easy by this time to distinguish people’s class and social background from their dress sense and their accents, which demonstrates the growing social tensions including immigration and violence.Post war prosperity brought along social change in education due to the shift in attitude and the ideal that the government wanted to compete with other countries. The government wanted the best education for the new generation so they can go into better jobs in order to boost the economy in the future. But during the conservative government t here wasn’t any change regrinding the removal of social tension until Labour secured dominance in 1964 issuing the Education Act which introduced middle schools (which eliminated the 11+).The media influenced views on society that escalated tension and competition between classes, the class system split became more distinctive because of this. This was seen throughout various films such as ‘Saturday night’ and ‘Sunday Morning’, big hit in the 1960’s, it portrayed the alienation of young working class males. The influence of the media led to segregation as many films portrayed the racial tension, for example the theme of the film Sapphire (1959).The media opened the way for a more individualist and less conformist society, for example the Profumo affair– the girl on the wrong side of the tracks. This resulted in people, especially the younger generation, becoming less willing to follow the lead set by the British ‘establishmentâ₠¬â„¢. The newspapers also influenced the things that people began to believe in, they exaggerated stories and made things out to be worse than they actually were which resulted in the society building their views on lies causing tension between classes and even new â€Å"trend† groups like the Teddy Boys.Due to the more rebellious attitudes there was a sharp increase of crime rates and violence due to the development of a more liberal attitude obtained by youths. Examples of the increase in crime can be seen via the Mods and Rockers who used the influence of music to give them a drive into developing a liberal attitude and their views sometimes sparked violence with other groups seen through the Bristol brawl. Gang violence was chillingly portrayed in Antony Burgess’s 1962 novel, ‘A Clockwork orange’.However, the war brought opportunities to allow society to modernise in terms of attitude and social change although it was mainly due to the loss of dominanc e from the government. The governments weaknesses were exposed via the media, the television portrayed satire, which led many people to gain a more liberal attitudes, which demonstrates that it wasn’t just post war prosperity that brought social change to Britain. In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964? In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964? Britain as a country in the year 1951 stood as a country widely effected by the Second World War and the country reflected visible damage which the war had caused. Many young men were on the National Service, rationing was only just coming to an end and also social life in Britain felt like it was in the past.However some felt that the year 1951 was a year of change, they felt as if they were on the way to a new modern world which presented technological and social progress, Children who were born during the â€Å"baby boom† were born into a different society to which their parents grew up in. Leading up to the year 1964 there were many social tensions, changes in attitudes and significant shifts i population which can identify how Britain’s society had changed dramatically.After 1951 you could say Britain experienced a â€Å"demographic change† . Birth rates ran consistently against de ath rates, an explanation for this could be the advances in medical treatments which improved under the influence of the welfare state this then led to an increase standard of nutrition and hygiene.Another factor which could contribute to the demographic change was the increase of inward migration , in the year 1948 around 250,000 immigrants arrived in Britain from the West Indies Particularly those from the common wealth had become a vital part of British society, and in the process, transformed important aspects of British life although it eventually led to overpopulation, and immigration caused racial tension and segregation for example the Nottingham riots.Britain encouraged immigrants to come to the â€Å"mother land† to help recover from the ravages of war however this caused racial tension between the immigrants and the British, the tension was more apparent as the lack of housing became a problem as did the competition for jobs. The increase of immigrants led to less scopes for jobs as did the fact people were living longer due to the up and running free service of the NHS which many felt immigrants didn’t deserve. Many British people that had a skill in a specific trade were forced to take up trades that required no skill at all which angered them.Due to immigration, discrimination in jobs was open, for example shop keepers put a sign up saying what kind of workers they were looking for, and this gave many British people the advantage of the immigrants as a confidence trick to govern the country due to being imperial. Excluded from much of the social and economic life the immigrants began to adjust the institutions they had brought with them, for example their churches and the fact they had a British education which meant that the government gave them the right to follow their own traditions and reduced the challenges of schooling.However this also increased segregation between the immigrants and those who opposed, conflict and discrimin ation was very common, it became easier to recognise people’s origins and social background from their dress scene and accents. The government weren’t prepared for the reaction of the public immigration would cause regarding the unhappiness of being restricted in the job market, they then introduced the immigration act which stopped immigrant wanting to come into the country although if left the ones already in Britain feeling very isolated and betrayed which sparked their rebellion.The conservative government had traditional views upon empire and they were objective to change which socially changed the views of the public and changed the country into a closed racist country portraying how uneducated Britain was at the time and how post war prosperity wasn’t the only thing that sculpted social change in Britain . On the other hand there was also a strong amount of outward migration. Australia was appealing to British citizens as it had many jobs and a good amoun t of housing available.Affluence began to become more apparent in every class, which meant people were becoming a lot wealthier due to the rise in wages. However this lead to competition regarding jobs and housing and even schooling due to people having more money to spend. This created a more distinctive overview between classes meaning that people could recognise immediately what class you belonged to and what your origins and social background was. The class spilt became more evident throughout the schooling system.Schooling during 1951-64 was a major social problem due to the psychological strain on pupils had to pass their 11+ in order to achieve a better education by their parents as they wanted to avoid the social shame. The technical and grammar schools only took the most capable students which left the working class children with very basic education as they couldn’t afford any private tuition and often weren’t capable at the age of 11 to enter the grammar sch ools although after a few years they were ready to undergo more strenuous studying but by this time it was too late.The natural progression was from the most private boarding schools, to the most prestigious colleges at Oxford or Cambridge and thence into positions of power and influence this in turn led to the working class feeling discriminated. Eden for example went to Eton and Oxford and found himself in the prime ministers position. It was easy by this time to distinguish people’s class and social background from their dress sense and their accents, which demonstrates the growing social tensions including immigration and violence.Post war prosperity brought along social change in education due to the shift in attitude and the ideal that the government wanted to compete with other countries. The government wanted the best education for the new generation so they can go into better jobs in order to boost the economy in the future. But during the conservative government the re wasn’t any change regrinding the removal of social tension until Labour secured dominance in 1964 issuing the Education Act which introduced middle schools (which eliminated the 11+).The media influenced views on society that escalated tension and competition between classes, the class system split became more distinctive because of this. This was seen throughout various films such as ‘Saturday night’ and ‘Sunday Morning’, big hit in the 1960’s, it portrayed the alienation of young working class males. The influence of the media led to segregation as many films portrayed the racial tension, for example the theme of the film Sapphire (1959).The media opened the way for a more individualist and less conformist society, for example the Profumo affair– the girl on the wrong side of the tracks. This resulted in people, especially the younger generation, becoming less willing to follow the lead set by the British ‘establishmentâ€⠄¢. The newspapers also influenced the things that people began to believe in, they exaggerated stories and made things out to be worse than they actually were which resulted in the society building their views on lies causing tension between classes and even new â€Å"trend† groups like the Teddy Boys.Due to the more rebellious attitudes there was a sharp increase of crime rates and violence due to the development of a more liberal attitude obtained by youths. Examples of the increase in crime can be seen via the Mods and Rockers who used the influence of music to give them a drive into developing a liberal attitude and their views sometimes sparked violence with other groups seen through the Bristol brawl. Gang violence was chillingly portrayed in Antony Burgess’s 1962 novel, ‘A Clockwork orange’.However, the war brought opportunities to allow society to modernise in terms of attitude and social change although it was mainly due to the loss of dominance from the government. The governments weaknesses were exposed via the media, the television portrayed satire, which led many people to gain a more liberal attitudes, which demonstrates that it wasn’t just post war prosperity that brought social change to Britain.