Models, histogram method are i... free essay sample

Models, histogram method are independent of the shape of a cluster, trained simple and rapid way. In evaluation also, they can be utilized in several clock cycles per pixel needed for accessing memory. It was concluded that non-parametric models often outperform parametric ones with the cost of high storage requirement.Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are mathematical models that stimulated by means of human nervous system. In skin detection, ANNs had been applied for specific functions and systems. In illumination reimbursement, dynamic method, in mixture with different strategies, and direct classification, variety of ANNs such as MLP, SOM, PCNN, etc, are exploitedA multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a feed forward synthetic artificial neural network that consists of several layers of nodes in a cyclic directed graph, every layer absolutely linked to the next one. Every neuron is a processing detail with a nonlinear activation feature besides for input ones. A common approach to educate MLPs is back propagation (BP) which is used at the side of optimization techniques along with gradient descent. We will write a custom essay sample on Models, histogram method are i or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nonetheless, skin color distribution of same person defers under different illumination conditions. Even more, if a person is moving the apparent skin color also changes since position is relative to camera and light changes. Human vision system can adapt with the change but digital cameras cannot. To detect rapid change in illumination for skin detection, two types of approaches were taken- color constancy and dynamic adaption. Color constancy transforms image contents to a known illuminant that can represent contents in an image. But estimation of the illuminant is a complex problem. All approaches assume existing camera characteristics and illuminant distribution. Moreover, in general skin color constancy, color constancy is used as a preprocessing step. Dynamic adaption approaches adapted by skin color model to detect changing environment. Cho et al proposed an adaptive threshold for HSV color space. A threshold box in HSV color space is used to separate skin and non-skin pixel. However, to get a robust color representation with varying illumination is a major problem. The neural network based approaches are a promising since it does not make any explicit assumption.2.5 SVM ModelsSupport vector machine (SVMs) are supervised method applied to many pattern recognition tasks as well as human skin classification. The use of annotated training set of skin and non-skin pixels, an SVM training algorithm constructs a model which attempts to assign pixels into the two training class, making it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier. An SVM model is a representation of the pixels as the points in space, mapped so that skin and non-skin pixels are divided by a clear and as wide as possible gap. New pixels are then mapped into that same space and predicted to a category based on which side of the gap they fall on. Han et al. [81] exploited an SVM based on active learning to detect skin pixels for gesture recognition, claiming that in compare with other applications.Performance ComparisonAs a way to carry out a fair empirical evaluation of skin and skin segmentation strategies, its essential to apply a standard and representative training and test set. Different methods have presented their evaluation results based on different sets and for those using the same test-set, even different photos may have been used.From color space point of view, it seems that for those method in which the skin and skin cluster is greater compact, the specific policies are less complicated to design. But accuracy isnt always different in view that color spaces and consequent rules are convertible. However, the overall performance of Bayesian classifiers has been also extraordinary but with highly excessive false detection rate.Additionally the more memory is utilized for construction of table, the better result is achieved. Bayesian methods are evaluated with SGM, GMM, MLP and SOM seems to be better. Phung et al. [7] have in comparison the performance of multiple skin detection methods. The Bayesian classifier outperforms other techniques with a quite excessive difference. Due to the field evaluation nature of multispectral methods, it is not currently possible to compare the performance of these techniques either among themselves or with other systems. However, the high accuracy of such systems in most of normal situations is not questionable.Its tough to derive a strict and truthful conclusion. Moreover, Bayesian classifier with maximum wide variety of bins and huge training set accompanying with Bayesian community had been the great classifiers in terms of accuracy. From speed, computation and implementation cost, however, theres trade off among strategies. With developing new strategies and techniques in recent years, former techniques are set apart, whilst precision gets first priority. But, these methods are much slower than most of traditional methods which makes them incompatible for real-time applications.2.6 Clustering TechniquesIn this study, a clustering method is used, for that reason some clustering methods are discussed here. Clustering is a division of data into groups of similar objects. In each group, named as cluster, consists of objects that have similar properties and dissimilar compared to objects of other groups. If data is representing in cluster it will lose some fine details but achieve simplification. Most data clustering problems are considered NP-hard. Those methods can be categorized into different paradigms -Partitional Clustering, Hierarchical Clustering, Density-based Clustering, Spectral Clustering and Gravitational Clustering.2.6.1 Partitional ClusteringAs the name suggested, in partitional clustering, data is divided into non-overlapping subsets such that each data instance is assigned to exactly one subset. For example, k-means [82] and k-medoids are most famous example. K-means clustering applies an iterative approach. At first it choose the means of cluster commonly known as centroids. Afterwards, it assigns data points to its nearest centroids. This approach is efficient in terms of computational speed and simple to use [83]. However, main shortcoming is vulnerability of random seeding technique. If the initial seeding points are not chosen carefully, the result will be dissatisfactory. For this reason a updated method name k-means++ [84] was proposed to improve However, K-mediod is an improvement of K-means also to deal with discrete data, which takes the data point, most near the center of data points, as the representative of the corresponding cluster

Prohibition Woes essays

Prohibition Woes essays Booze, parties, flappers, bootlegging, and speakeasies are all terms popularized by the Roaring Twenties of America. Such terms sparked into American language by the eighteenth amendment to the United States Constitution calling for the prohibition of alcohol. In January of 1919, the amendment was ratified by a higher percentage of states than any of the previous seventeen amendments (Sebastian Bonafede and Rhiannon Held). The prohibition and temperance movements started as early as the late 1800s, and ran into 1933, when Franklin D. Roosevelt aided in the passing of the twenty- first amendment. This was the amendment written to repeal the eighteenth all together. National prohibition of alcohol, the noble experiment, which sought to reduce crime and corruption, save social problems, and improve health and hygiene in America. The results of the experiment clearly indicate that it was a miserable failure on all counts. America began to alter its views very quickly about alcohol. Many churches and various other groups felt that alcohol was the drink of the devil, and was the root to all the numerous problems in America in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Throughout the 1920s a federation of Protestant womens organizations felt that the eighteenth amendment calling for national prohibition of alcohol was at the least partially effective in the achieving its goals. The group called themselves the Womens National Committee for Law Enforcement because they saw that the only problem with the eighteenth amendment was the need for better law enforcement throughout the many cities of America. Their president, Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, went to The National Prohibition Law, hearing before the Senate. We represent her to-day not only organizations of women, but as a whole, we represent the home, the school, the church, and we stand firmly for no amendment to the eightee...

Compare and Contrast Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Compare and Contrast Research Methods - Essay Example It is argued that unstructured interviews are best in gathering information on social situations as they allow the interviewer to be natural and thus encourage the interviewee’s participation. Focus group is another approach of collecting qualitative data. This is a carefully planned discussion tailored to obtain perceptions on a specific topic or area of interest. The process of information gathering under this method involves the moderator who controls the debate and initiates discussion topics, the note-taker, and the participants (Boeije, 2010). Focus group has almost the same merits with the interviewing method. It generates results at a relatively fast rate, has a high face validity and allows the moderator (who assumes an almost similar role as the interviewer) to explore unanticipated issues. However, this method has its fair share of demerits; the main ones are that it has less experimental control, requires a well trained interviewer and it maybe difficult setting up the group (Rubin & Babbie, 2010). Participant observation requires that the researcher becomes a part and parcel of the group under observation. This approach requires a lot of patience and may sometimes require months or years of observation. This is because the researcher has to be accepted and become a natural part of the group being observed. It is only by achieving this cohesiveness that one can ascertain gathered data as of natural phenomenon (Delamont & Jones, 2012). If successfully carried out, this method represents the best approach in gathering data on a natural phenomenon as there is absolutely no chance of manipulation or influence. The major disadvantage with this approach is that it may take the researcher a long time to gather data. Additionally, it is at times not possible to record all data as the researcher may loose focus as he assumes the same natural roles as the focus group (Holloway, Wheeler & Holloway, 2010). Ethnography is the study of social interactions, behaviors and perceptions that take place within social groupings. This approach is said to have grown from anthropological studies that focused on small cultural groupings in the early 20th century. Under ethnographical studies, the researcher becomes an active participant and takes extensive notes (DeWalt & DeWalt, 2011). Participant observation, discussed earlier, is considered an approach under ethnographical approaches. This is mainly because it entails a researcher assuming the role of participant as they go on with their duty of data gathering and data recording. Ethnographical approaches allow for gathering richly detailed data and also provide the researcher with a chance to participate in unscheduled events (Thomas, Nelson & Silverman, 2011). The downside of ethnographical approaches is that the researcher may ignore activities that happen out of the public eye and he may also be tempted to rely on information provided by a few key informants. Consequently, reliance on in formants permeates bias as these may not have the objectivity while reporting on the social context. Biographical research is the compilation and analysis of an intensive report detailing an entire life or a part of life, through an in-depth, unstructured

Multiculturalism in canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multiculturalism in canada - Essay Example According to Bertrand, this commission was formed with the aim of investigating the existence of different cultures and ethnic groups in the country, and to devise recommendations on how the government can incorporate all of them in all walks of life in the country. The commission was also to take into account the cultural enrichment that the other ethnic groups provided in the country and find measures that could be taken to safeguard that contribution (Bertrand, par 3). Although it seems as though multiculturalism is a phenomenon that confers some advantage to a country, this essay outlines some of the damaging effects it expedites. It would be worthwhile to investigate how multiculturalism in Canada has promoted the creation of "segregated racial and ethno-cultural enclaves within local communities," (Garcea), leading to a country where the people are divided into numerous ethnic groups with different cultural backgrounds instead of uniting them. Garcea continues in this article t hat though the government tries hard to concentrate "immigrants with similar racial or ethno-cultural backgrounds," into the same location, multiculturalism "promotes and supports the creation of ethno-specific secular and religious institutions to serve the needs of each major ethno-cultural community." Clearly, immigrants to Canada do not automatically adopt the same national identity that the locals share, but they retain their own sense of identity and culture that they bring along from their own native country. Banting and Kymlicka have found that multiculturalism actually leads to feelings of alienation among the immigrants, and they quote that " racial minorities are less confident they fully belong," (Banting and Kymlicka, 54). Multiculturalism has also been blamed for resulting in discrimination and racism. Banting and Kymlicka claim that these minorities are " clearly are victims of racism," (Banting and Kymlicka, 64), and that they are more likely to be discriminated upon and face racist situations in the country. Banting and Kymlicka also state that " in comparison with white immigrants, minority immigrants have a greater sense of discrimination and vulnerability," (Banting and Kymlicka, 55). Additionally, "multiculturalism fosters competition and inequality between ethno-cultural groups," and also, "after some period of struggle a very clear group hierarchy will emerge and thereafter life chances will again be a direct consequence of ethnic background," (Garcea). He further states in his article that "this inequality results from the political dynamics between the relationships of the leadership of ethno-cultural groups and some political parties whereby the former seek political status and financial resources to advance the group's and personal interests, and the latter seek various forms of support to win elections," (Garcea). Clearly, multiculturalism does not lead to the creation of an equal and egalitarian society where everyone has the same chances of success in life regardless of their ethnicity; it instead promotes the creation of a hierarchal system, based on one's ethnicity. Multiculturalism has also led to the creation of conflicts between the different ethno-cultural gr

Can Alkaline Diets Prevent Cancer Research Paper

Can Alkaline Diets Prevent Cancer - Research Paper Example Amid the rising cases of cancer, the main question is; what actually went wrong after the widespread industrial revolution that cancer and other degenerative diseases have become close components of human life? The answer could be very simple; our eating habits. Before the advent of industrial revolution, human beings survived on natural food substances with balanced amount of minerals that boosted the body immune system as well as performing detoxification. Today, because of industrialization we embrace consumption of processed foods rather than the natural diets. Going by the evident trend in the manner in which cancer spreads today or simply comparing and contrasting the lifestyles of agrarian periods and the current industrial periods, it is determinate that consumption of natural food is the surest way of preventing cancer (Earl 292). In this case, natural foods are considered as food substances rich in alkaline or high pH values. The main alkaline food substances are citrus fruits, fresh vegetables, nuts, legumes and seeds. Alkaline food substances do not encompass substances like grains, excess salt, excess dairy products or meat. Earl states that alkaline food substances play a significant role in ensuring preventing an individual from developing cancerous cells (292). It is however not stated that an individual should not consume acidic food substances, but at regulated low amount. This is because acid is usually required for digestion purposes in the stomach but should always be at the pH of 1.3-1.75. In order to fight cancerous cells, blood and not the stomach requires a high alkalinity level, pH of 7.34-7.46. The reason why a high proportion of acid is never essential for the body is because it results to the development of toxins that suppress the body immune system thereby inhibiting cells from absorbing oxygen. Further accumulation of acid and inhibited supply of oxygen lays ground for

Pressure Pulse Production of Train Passing to Adjacent Line

Pressure Pulse Production of Train Passing to Adjacent Line This topic concerns the pressure pulse produced by one train on another being passed on an adjacent line. Although studies of this phenomenon had been undertaken for research and development purposes during the 1970s, a need to quantify the magnitude of the effect for existing and future high speed service routes arose in the late 1980s due to adverse comments from train users. The comments were relatively rare, but mainly centred around passengers being startled by the banging of doors (particularly of external sliding doors used on some types of Multiple Unit) and windows (particularly hopper windows) when passed by other trains at high speeds. In addition, coffee and other drinks resting on tables on the side adjacent to the Fast line, mainly in other HSTs, were regularly spilt by passing HSTs. This was caused by a rapid displacement of the coach wall against which the tables rested. Although the events could not be called serious, it was evident that a criterion was needed for the design of new trains for the: i) Door and window mounts and for the structural side-wall stiffness of vehicles likely to be operating on high speed routes ii) Future high speed train nose shapes, (as it was known that it was the aerodynamic shaping, as well as speed, of the source train that sized the pulse magnitude). Subsequently, tests were undertaken by the Research Division of BRB in 1988 to assess the magnitude of the largest pressure pulses produced by service trains at that time. Tests were undertaken on ECML with a test vehicle being passed, during both static and moving tests, by a number of service trains. Of particular interest was HST, as it was often the offending train and was operating at speeds up to 125 mi/h on tracks at a nominal spacing of 3.4m. In some places, track spacing was known to be less than this and, of course, considerably more than this in other places. In addition, the Class 91 loco was being produced and it was necessary to choose a criterion bearing in mind future operation of the IC225 train (also on ECML). In that event, it was decided during discussions between the senior managements of the Research Division and the IC225 Project Team that IC225 operation at 225 km/h should form the limiting condition for defining the pulse limit. At that time, prior to tests being undertaken with Class 91, it had been assumed that the pulse characteristics generated by the nose shape of the Class 91 would be similar to HST, and therefore that a criterion based on an HST result scaled up from 125 mi/h to 225 km/h (140mi/h) should be adopted. Results from the tests produced a mean value, (taken over several passes at different track spacings and speeds of both trains), for the HST normalised to 3.4 m nominal track interval, which was given by the non-dimensional parameter, à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾CP = 0.6. At 225 km/h, this equated to 1.44 kPa peak-to-peak amplitude. Subsequent tests with IC225 showed the Class 91 to have slightly better characteristics than HST, but the 1.44 kPa value was adopted for future project design purposes. An indication of this is given in the attached letter involving a proposed lC250 development for WCML operation written by the Technical Director (Research) of British Rail Research to the Project Director IC225. It is important to note that, in this letter and elsewhere, the 1.44 kPa criterion was defined in association with 3.4 m track spacing. Similarly, acceptance tests undertaken during development work on new train designs were checked against a limit of 1.44 kPa at 3.4 m track spacing. Further, BR Research advised that, for practical purposes during track tests, compliance with the criterion was to be checked against a measurement taken at mid-window height on a stationary observing train on straight track on a calm (no wind) day. The result then was to be corrected to nominal 3.4m track spacing. Observations In the same way as for the original tests and for the nominal service condition chosen by Research and DMEE management, there will be circumstances now when 1.44 kPa is exceeded. For example, movement of the observing train, the presence of cross-winds, reduced track spacing and track curvature can all increase the pulse amplitude. Thus, it is important to adopt this specification of the reference set of conditions under which the criterion is to be met. Note that the above implies that rolling stock operating on high speed routes should be structurally designed to a criterion in excess of l.44kPa for the train passing pressure pulse case. For the proof load case of unsealed trains, this will usually be covered by the Q.5kPa specification for vehicle body structures (see Railtrack Gp. Stds. GM/TT0l22, GM/TTOl23, GM/RC2504). Sealed trains will be covered by their own more stringent limits. However, fatigue load cases particularly for unsealed trains may need to incorporate higher values associated with regular exceedances of the 1.44 kPa value. It would appear, therefore, that the original Railtrack Spec. for WCML mistakenly omitted reference to 3.4 m track spacing in its definition of the conditions under which the 1.44 kPa criterion   should be met. Incidentally, the corresponding Railtrack Spec. for ECML does define 3.4 m as the reference condition.

Analysis: The American Perspective On Hackers Essay -- social issues

Analysis: The American Perspective On Hackers The issue of public information has always been a controversy in our world. One of our country’s founding arguments was based on the necessity of free speech and free information. Many now believe that our government is being overly restrictive on information, blocking and controlling some aspects of free speech that first amendment advocates feel are necessary to maintain our American society. These advocates of free information have been using the nickname â€Å"hackers† for over twenty years, but improper use by the media has stretched the word to slanderous levels. Hackers are now stereotyped as mindless vandals and miscreants, although the word â€Å"hacker† has been used as a term for computer programmers and technicians since the late 1970s. Modern-day hackers refer to themselves as intelligent socio-political activists who want to raise social awareness of threatening problems. Governments worldwide are trying to persecute hackers when vandals, not hacker s, are most often the ones breaking laws and causing damage. The conflict between hackers and the American public is a deeply rooted standoff, caused by misinformation and sensationalism from the media and the government. To evaluate and analyze this conflict objectively, both points of view must be put into proper perspective. This was a simple task for me, because I am a very technically oriented person who does not get lost in the â€Å"computer jargon† used by both the â€Å"hackers† and the political forces. I have worked as a security engineer for three Internet Service Providers. I am presently a security programmer at the second-largest private Internet Service Provider in Tampa. To do my job, I must to understand the thoughts and methods of the cyber-delinquents often misnamed as â€Å"hackers.† This experience has given me a strong perspective of both the intruder and victim’s side. Firstly, take the view of the American people. This includes people who do and do not have computers at home, and do not understand their core functions. This group also makes up the majority of the users on the Internet. Most of them are home users with no intentions of understanding the machine they own. They see â€Å"hackers† as being electronic vandals and information thieves, breaking computer networks and destroying data. They fear anyone with cyber-power, because they do not un... ... This part of our society has proven that it is unable to accept other individuals and groups who are more intelligent and still believe in our Nation’s first amendment, out of fear that the rest of the world might evolve around them, without them. Rather than persecute and attack the hackers in our society and in our world, we need to embrace them. They are the people trying their hardest to make a difference in our government and society. They are the ones speaking out as we all should about atrocities, such as the East Timor Massacre in Indonesia seven years ago (http://www.2600.com/hacked/). True hackers are not out to destroy things. They want to learn and make a difference in our world. Our society should stop limiting their potential as human beings and citizens by slandering them. Our society should stop blindly believing stories about them without hearing both sides, as our Government, which is run by â€Å"We, the People† must become educated before creati ng and enforcing laws. Otherwise, we, as a society, are burying ourselves in ignorant beliefs, disrupting learning and the growth of knowledge. After all, no one can honestly say that they want to live in an ignorant society.

Test of English as a Foreign Language

English, the third most common language spoken after Mandarin and Spanish, is spoken by around 370 to 390 million people in around 50 different countries. Many renowned universities, require their students, in the undergraduate, graduate and post graduate programs to first prove their proficiency in the English language, as an entrance criteria. This created a need for a standard test, accepted and recognized by these universities, to be created. Test of English as a Foreign Language or TOEFL as it is commonly referred to as, is such a test. This test is developed and conducted by the Educational Testing Service. TOEFL can be administered via the internet(TOEFL iBT) or can be written as a paper based test(TOEFL PBT). Written Tests are only administered in places where Internet Based Testing Centers for TOEFL are unavailable. This test score along with the applicant's other academical information becomes the foundation for their admission process. The test score scale ranges from 0 to 120, for TOEFL iBT, and from 310 to 677 for TOEFL PBT. The minimum test score acceptable, varies from university to university, depending on factors like courses undertaken or whether the applicant is an undergrad, grad or post grad.TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBT tests the four basic skills needed for effective communication namely- Reading, Speaking, Listening and Writing. They test the takers toread, listen, and then speak in response to a questionlisten and then speak in response to a questionread, listen, and then write in response to a questionThe test is 4 hours long and it is essential that all the four sections of the test be taken on the same day itself.Test FormatSECTION FORMAT TIMEREADING 3-5 passages(700words), 12-14 question each 60-100 minutesLISTENING 2–3 conversations, 5 questions each4–6 lectures, 6 questi ons each 60-90 minutes10 MINUTES BREAKSPEAKING 6 tasks which include 2 independent and 4 integrated 20 minutesWRITING 2 tasks which include 1 integrated task and1 independent task 50minutes(20 for integrated and 30 for independent)The time displayed above is not an actual representation, and may vary on the number of questions.Reading SectionThe reading sections tests the applicant's ability to, comprehend, learn and to find information from university level academic passages and texts. The questions asked in the reading section are of the following formatMultiple choice questions- asking the applicant to select a single answer from a given set of optionsMultiple choice questions asking the applicant to select an option to â€Å"insert a sentence† where it fits best in a passageQuestions with more than four choices and more than one possible correct answer.Listening SectionThis section tests the applicants ability to understand Spoken English, by testing his/her ability to un derstand lectures and conversations. The applicant is allowed to take notes while listening to the material provided. These notes will be collected at the end of the test and destroyed. Questions asked in the Listening section, are usually asked in the following formatsMultiple choice questions with a single correct answerMultiple choice questions with more than one correct answerQuestions that require the user to order eventsQuestions that require the applicant to match objects or text to categories in a chartSome questions replay a portion of the audio material provided, so that the applicant need not memorize the material before answering the question.Speaking SectionHere the applicant is tested for his ability to communicate, participate in casual conversations, respond to questions etc. This section includes six tasks that that the applicant must undertake before proceeding further. The first two task are independent speaking tasks, where the user is asked to express their opinion or idea on topics provided, or on topics that the applicant is comfortable with. The next four tasks are integrated tasks where the applicant must use more than one of their skills before responding. These skills may include reading, listening and speaking. The user is only allowed to spend 20 minutes in this section.Writing SectionThis section tests the applicants ability to present their ideas in a clear and well organized manner. Here students are required to undertake two tasks, one integrated and one independent. Independent tasks include writing essays, articles, expressing opinions etc. The student's range of grammar, vocabulary, spelling, punctuations and layout are tested under Independent tasks. Under Integrated tasks students are required to summarize, paraphrase, and cite accurate information from the source material. The total time sanctioned for both these tasks is 50 minutes. TOEFL scores are valid for 2 years. These scores are visible,10 days after the exam on the TOEFL registration website. Printed Scores are mailed after 13 days. More than 10,000 universities in around 130 countries accept TOEFL scores for their admission process. So when you plan on an education abroad, Think TOEFL.

Calculating Enthalpy Changes Using Hesss Law

Calculating Enthalpy Changes Using Hess's Law Hesss Law, also known as Hesss Law of Constant Heat Summation, states that the total enthalpy of a chemical reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes for the steps of the reaction. Therefore, you can find enthalpy change by breaking a reaction into component steps that have known enthalpy values. This example problem demonstrates strategies for  how to use Hesss Law to find the enthalpy change of a reaction using enthalpy data from similar reactions. Hess's Law Enthalpy Change Problem What is the value for ΔH for the following reaction?CS2(l) 3 O2(g) → CO2(g) 2 SO2(g)Given:C(s) O2(g) → CO2(g); ΔHf -393.5 kJ/molS(s) O2(g) → SO2(g); ΔHf -296.8 kJ/molC(s) 2 S(s) → CS2(l); ΔHf 87.9 kJ/mol Solution Hesss law says the total enthalpy change does not rely on the path taken from beginning to end. Enthalpy can be calculated in one grand step or multiple smaller steps.To solve this type of problem, we need to organize the given chemical reactions where the total effect yields the reaction needed. There are a few rules that must be followed when manipulating a reaction. The reaction can be reversed. This will change the sign of ΔHf.The reaction can be multiplied by a constant. The value of ΔHf must be multiplied by the same constant.Any combination of the first two rules may be used. Finding a correct path is different for each Hesss law problem and may require some trial and error. A good place to start is to find one of the reactants or products where there is only one mole in the reaction.We need one CO2, and the first reaction has one CO2 on the product side.C(s) O2(g) → CO2(g), ΔHf -393.5 kJ/molThis gives us the CO2 we need on the product side and one of the O2 moles we need on the reactant side.To get two more O2 moles, use the second equation and multiply it by two. Remember to multiply the ΔHf by two as well.2 S(s) 2 O2(g) → 2 SO2(g), ΔHf 2(-326.8 kJ/mol)Now we have two extra S and one extra C molecule on the reactant side we dont need. The third reaction also has two S and one C on the reactant side. Reverse this reaction to bring the molecules to the product side. Remember to change the sign on ΔHf.CS2(l) → C(s) 2 S(s), ΔHf -87.9 kJ/molWhen all three reactions are added, the extra two sulfur and one extra c arbon atoms are canceled out, leaving the target reaction. All that remains is adding up the values of ΔHf.ΔH -393.5 kJ/mol 2(-296.8 kJ/mol) (-87.9 kJ/mol)ΔH -393.5 kJ/mol - 593.6 kJ/mol - 87.9 kJ/molΔH -1075.0 kJ/molAnswer:  The change in enthalpy for the reaction is -1075.0 kJ/mol. Facts About Hess's Law Hesss Law takes its name from Russian chemist and physician Germain Hess. Hess investigated thermochemistry and published his law of thermochemistry in 1840.To apply Hesss Law, all of the component steps of a chemical reaction need to occur at the same temperature.Hesss Law may be used to calculate  entropy and Gibbs energy in addition to enthalpy.

Quarks and Creation †World Religion Essay

Quarks and Creation – World Religion Essay Free Online Research Papers Quarks and Creation World Religion Essay This week we listened to John Polkinghorne speak about similarities that progressive science and theology share. Polkinghorne served as Professor of Mathematical Physics at Cambridge University, and is a Fellow of The Royal Society all before becoming an Anglican Priest at the age of forty-nine. Both the scientific world and the theological world are searching for truth. Polkinghorne has published many books and articles on this topic. He has found many connections between quantum physics and religion and does not believe that they are competing but rather they help to explain the other quite well. The quantum world is a complex world. Things on the surface are not always easy to believe or see. Reality is equally rich; it is full of many layers. However science is limited at times because it only looks at one layer at a time. Important things are learned this way but we also know that the humans experience is one that presents a great amount of complexity. Humans treat things in their wholeness much like a painter looks at a piece of art. A scientist might look at a painting and try to figure out the composition of the medium as apposed to just stepping back and enjoying the painting. Or stepping and enjoying the complexity that is found when all different elements are experienced at once. Beauty is an interesting thing and a word not often thought of when we are describing math. However, mathematical beauty is something that Polkinghorne finds when trying to understand the laws of nature. This is because the fundamental laws of nature are generally very mathematical based; concise but deep. These are simple equations that make up one line or two with a limited number of simples. If they are not beautiful equations then they generally not correct says Polkinghorne. So what appears to be simple is actually quite deep. Those who speak the language mathematics agree on what a beautiful equation is in the world of science. In the 18th century people starting to say science can explain everything but when questions were proposed that science could not answer the idea of the God of the Gaps came about. This is a God that does those things that science was yet to explain. But this is a pretty limited view of God because once science is able to explain a problem thought to be left up to God; God is no longer needed. Another fundamental flaw of this perspective of God is to say that if nature does it, we dont need. By 19th century scientists were arguing about such ideas as the fundamental composition of light. Is light a particle or a wave? The Quantum Field Theory was later discovered and allowed for the idea that if you propose a particle question about light you can get a particle answer and if you ask a wave like question you get a wave answer. Polkinghorne uses this example to better explain the dilemma of life of Jesus. He was both a man and so much more. This also helps to show that science is fully engaged in the idea of faith. Often times a scientist will know that something is true because the result is seen but it takes time to develop a way to actually witness the process. Polkinghorne says that Genesis 1 and 2 were clearly not written as scientific books. They were more like poems used to teach people about the awesome power of God. Genesis 1 for example does not have a correct sense time nor is the order of creation correct. For example stars come on the 4th day but the sun came on the first. You can not read poetry and believe it to be prose and in this way creationist are actually being disrespectful to scripture. It took 14 billion years to get where we are now. Certainly God is not in a hurry and is obvious to see that creation is an on going process. How arrogant to think that we are final product of God. God created something more interesting than a ready made world. We live in a world of true becoming. So if we live in a world of true becoming then God does not know the future because it has not happened yet. This is not an imperfection just a reality. God is not the puppet master of the universe nor can God can make 2 + 2 = 5 because someone chooses to pray for it. God operates under the laws of nature or the laws of God. Polkinghorne proposes that the laws of nature are simply the laws of God. The laws of God have a shadow side to them as well. For example we believe that having tectonic plates is important but sometimes they slip, when they slip they create earthquakes. The hard answer is that nature is allowed to be the way God made it. God doesn’t will the act of a murderer or the death by an earthquake but simply allows them to happen as they are the downside of free will. Suffering is built into freedom. How could a good God build a world that has so much suffering some ask? Our problems with suffering are actually just deep existential problems, â€Å"why is this happening to me?† The Christian God is not simply a stand off God, Christ suffered too. Perhaps this is part of the draw that Christianity offers. Jesus was nailed to a cross as a human and also felt the human emotion of being forsaken by his father. Research Papers on Quarks and Creation - World Religion EssayMind TravelThree Concepts of Psychodynamic19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionGenetic EngineeringHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Essay One Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One - Essay Example One can connect the relationship between faith and reason to a couple’s relationship. There would be sides of stories but for a relationship to work, one party should make an effort to recompense if both parties would want the relationship to succeed. This is very relatable to faith and reason, throughout the centuries; the worlds of religion and science have collided without any signs of slowing down. Yet both John Locke and St. Thomas Aquinas believe that faith is a kind of reason. Reading through the works of both Lock and St. Aquinas, both have seemed to suggest that faith can be considered as reason. Even for some from the religious sect, they are using faith in giving reasons as far as miracles or unexplainable occurrences (Tavani, 2-4; Nash, 58). Religion often uses the faith of their most loyal devotees in reasoning about the existence of things which are intangible and cannot be justified by any scientific methods. With such statement being said there is an aspect of religion that is also a part of a feature of science. One point that can be considered by the belief of both Locke and Aquinas is that it can also be reversible. Reason can also be a species of faith. It is not just a one-way relationship. Just what has been stated earlier, faith and reason can be compared to a relationship where one party can complement the other. One party may not always be correct but the other would complement its shortcomings to make the relationship work. Reason may not always have concrete values and scientific explanations yet people who have heard the reason could believe in it and therefore result in having faith in the reason whether or not it has intangible supporting facts which may or may not be resolved any further (Tavani, 3-5) . Locke believes that the scriptures have no role in divine right but rather deep thoughts on the absence of

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer Essay

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer - Essay Example These three aspects have been a characteristic of society since the creation of the first social group. This then highlights the intrinsic extent of inequality. However, in the aim of maintaining the objectivity of this paper, economic inequality will be the principal focus. This is hinged on the fact that the main distinguishing element in the contemporary society is phrased in economic terms. The economic power and potential of an individual is used to elevate them into higher status. As such, the main rationale for this eventuality is the wage inequality of the contemporary society. A majority of the people are dependent, wholly, on the wages as their principal source of income. This translates to mean that changes in level of wage are bound to instigate a change in economic capabilities of the household. In this way, the rich continue to increase their wealth while the poor continue to struggle out of economic troubles that are continuously becoming difficult. In the endeavor of explicating on this pertinent issue, this paper will expound on the complexities of this subject matter. As such, it will include the work of Richard Reich, which tackles this issue. Economic inequality is at times regarded as an intrinsic element that cannot be removed. However, with the proper policies and attitude changes, this much needed realignment will be eventually be realized. In the absence of this, the level of inequality will continue to increase rapidly. The existence of inequality is imperative for the growth of a society. This is hinged on the rationale that this inequality is at times an element of motivation. As such its absence will lead to many looking for external motivating factors to work hard in life. There is always going to be those individuals I society who does not want to work hard like the other kinfolk. As such, with persons such as those in the society, it is a remarkable feat to counter the effects of such behavior. These assertions do not signal the absence strategies and subsequent policies that have been structured to aid in the reduction in the level of inequality. Rather, these assertions propagate the notion that these pre-existing policies are not efficient towards realizing this goal. As such, there is a need to offer fashion new strategies and polices that have a higher probability of realizing this goal of equality reduction. However, prior to embarking on the exercise of strategizing, it is essential to understand, first, the complexities of economic inequality. Robert Reich dedicates his article, â€Å"Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer† to this increasing economical gap between the upper, middle and lower class of people. To this fact, he employs the use of metaphors that are characterized by three boats. He continues to assert that these three boats are rising and falling. The rate with which these boats are sinking is varied. Additionally, it is dependent on the occupants and their role in corporate America (Reich 309). The boat representing the workers involved in routine processes is sinking at a rapid rate. The second boat represents the in-person servers and its rate of sinking is slow. However, in contradiction to the two previous boats, the third boat is rising steadily. This boat represents the symbolic analysts. Instead of simply stating the members of each boat and their respective rate of sinking, Reich gives the adopted rationale for the theory. The rapid rate of the first boat of routine workers is because of outsourcing initiatives employed by American firms (Reich, 310). What is referred to as cheap production alternatives is detrimental to the welfare of these routine workers. American firms, and many international firms, are