The ban of miraa (khat) trade in the UK Essays - Counties Of Kenya

The boycott of miraa (khat) exchange the UK Essays - Counties Of Kenya The boycott of miraa (khat) exchange the UK and the Netherlands has been refered to as one of significant dangers to improvement in Meru County. Different issues influencing the province are cows stirring, outskirt questions with Tharaka Nithi and Isiolo regions and cataclysmic events, for example, dry season, avalanches and floods. The County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP, 2013-2017) anyway says the province appreciates gigantic open doors made by the Lamu Port South-Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (Lapsset) task and closeness to the Mt Kenya traveler destinations. The area further would like to capitalize on the development of an air terminal in Isiolo County, accessibility of numerous waterways and water sources and its circumscribing the proposed hotel city of Isiolo. The CIDP includes that the area drove by Governor Peter Munya likewise appreciates satisfactory crude materials which can be utilized for industrialisation. Undiscovered RESOURCES The undiscovered rich Meru social practices and regular assets were likewise refered to as an or more for the tremendous province. Among the countys qualities, the CIDP says, are accessibility of wide scope of talented work, enormous tracts of arable land, positive atmosphere for agribusiness, potential for water system horticulture, key area and affable individuals. Meru County further gloats of reasonable infrastructural offices including landing area streets, media transmission and power. Simultaneously, numerous money related establishments have set base there. Shortcomings The CIDP names constrained industrialisation, esteem expansion to horticultural produce, huge un-arbitrated land, generally high absence of education levels, social inflexibility, slanted dispersion of training and wellbeing offices and high understaffing across parts as the countys shortcomings. The province which lies in eastern Kenya likewise experiences poor soil preservation measures, poor means farming practices and land development. The improvement plan takes note of that the travel industry capability of the area isn't completely abused attributable to poor street systems. It says the province means to improve its seriousness by putting resources into infrastructural advancement like streets, power, transport and lodging and that Sh57 billion is to be raised and siphoned into the activities in the following five years.

Final paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Last - Research Paper Example In spite of the fact that the law requirement authorities have attempted their best to present severe guidelines and standards yet the crime percentage in this specific city is viewed as multiple times higher in contrast with national normal according to 2005 insights. As indicated by CQ Press’s City Crime Rankings, Indianapolis was evaluated 33rd as the most risky city. The pace of wrongdoing has expanded drastically in this city and there are around 52.2 per 100,000 persuasive assaults occurring in the city. This examination would not just arrangement with the manslaughter cases that are pervasive in Indianapolis however would likewise feature other criminal cases which is occurring in the renowned city. The significant point of this exploration study is to diagram certain strategies which would forestall such criminal cases that are disregarding the general condition of Indianapolis. This investigation would be led from the point of view of a criminologist serving for the T ask Force which has been encircled by the Mayor of the city in order to lessen the pace of brutality saw by the city. Then again the examination study will likewise uncover the potential reasons for the viciousness and the pattern of savagery to plan proper strategies for brutality decrease. The investigation would include a basic examination of the expanding pattern of viciousness in Indianapolis. The examination point and targets structure the premise on which the whole investigation is directed. This examination would be founded on conduct investigation of the expanding brutality which is occurring in Indianapolis. The significant point of the investigation is to examine the different types of wrongdoings happening in the city and to present approaches so as to diminish the pace of viciousness. The targets of the examination study are: The examination question for the investigation would be †â€Å"what are the potential causes behind such rising criminal cases in Indianapolis and what can be the most proper approaches so as to lessen such

This Task Involved Analysing Economic Benefits Of Sports In Canada - 1650 Words

This Task Involved Analysing Economic Benefits Of Sports In Canada (Essay Sample) Content: What are the Economic Impact of SportsNameInstitutional AffiliationDateIntroductionWhat kind of impact do sports have in the economy? This research will examine further into one of the numerous diverse answers of economic benefits of sports .Taking part in sport can develop the quality of life of people and societies, encourage social inclusion, advance health, combat anti-social activities, increase individual confidence and link people (Gratton Taylor, 2005)Importance, Relevance, and Challenges of Sport as an Area of StudyApproximating the size of the sports business is an essential exercise, and nothing like other industries, this industry spreads across the normal categorizations of economic undertaking incorporated in national revenue and goods accounts. It comprises of mass involvement in sport and listening, watching sports competition on different media. Data from each of these fields have issues that make it hard to precisely assess the scope of this indus try (. Susan E. Vail,2005)As the sports business is developing in economic control, it is also drawing commercial interests who could profit from that power by winning over its organization. As the sports industry is increasing, the function of the sportsperson is becoming to serve the organization.Commercialization of sportCommercialization has upsurge sports to a higher level where it is, bringing with it a lot of modifications to the sports, particularly by building sports to be an enormous and profitable commerce. Sports can now be watched or followed by everyone, all over the world in real time(Thomas, 2012)The Government of Canada is one of the leading shareholders in Canada's sports organization, generating funding for programs to maintain our high-performance sportspersons and to encourage sports involvement among all Canadians (Coleman Ramachandran, 2010)Some factors that have affected the boom of commercial sportsAs individuals move to more populated areas, the sports ame nities have come to be nearer to one another and closer to the people, and so, individuals can now go exercise sports or follow a sporting experience at a venue that is close to their home.Media such as television, newspapers, radio and the internet, are all giving access to athletes and sports which aids in the sustainability of recreational and professional sport. Sports venues and amenities are being erected in various areas in the country, thus providing more ease of access to the community and indirectly offer a steady sports income stream (Davies, Coleman Ramchandani, 2013)The Government of Canada offers financial assistance via three programs: Through the Athlete Assistance Program, every year $28 million in backing goes directly to roughly 1900 sportspersons, offering them financial support to follow world-class outcomes while attaining their career and academic goals (Kovcs, Gulys Sterbenz, 2017 )The seven sectors of the sports economyThe division of the sports economy ca n be categorized into these seven sectors.Consumers This shows mostly sport-related spending in households.Commercial sport comprising of sports merchandises retailers and manufacturers .Commercial non-sport comprising of suppliers for the manufacture of sport-related goods and services.Voluntary sector non-profit building sports organizations like amateur clubs run by their members.Local government including income from local government sports facilities,e.t.c.Central government grants, taxes, and salaries on sport-related undertakings.Outside the area comprising of all transactions with markets outside the studied sector(Garraton,2005)Economic Effects of SportHosting an extra-large sports occasion like the Olympics, has shown some big and long lasting profits in our societies like improving society image, growing society visibility and positive psychic revenue are all shared and acceptable notions. The negative or positive economic outcomes of sports events may be a critica l feature to define communities' draft budget for the coming year (Ramchandani Coleman, 2012).The Canadian Sports Association (CSA) has revealed that culture and sport takes an important part in the Canadian economy, regarding GDP, output, and jobs. Culture provided 3.1% ($47.8 billion) to the Canadas GDP, whereas sport gave 0.3% ($4.5 billion). The culture sector has added more to the Canadian economy than sectors such as utilities, accommodation , forestry, fishing, Agriculture, and hunting ("Stancan", 2017)DIRECT ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SPORTSSPORT AND RECREATION BUSINESS ACTIVITYSports activities create business activities across various sectors and industries. Sport and active recreation members require sports apparel and equipment to be imported or manufactured, distributed or sold. They require sports amenities from grounds to gymnasia, and outsized international sports ground, and they require a various of services comprising of coaches, instructors, and also physiotherapists and different health professionals services. These are all part of the supported sport gives to the economy ("Money games: profiting from the convergence of sports and entertainment", 2011)INDIRECT SPORT INDUSTRY BENEFITSIn determining the economic effect of sport and the active recreation (or of any business) on an economy, it is beneficial to take account of the industry connections to supplier businesses. Thus a growth of demand (or private outflow) for sport and the active recreation merchandises and services will call for an increase in output from components in the sport and active recreation business. This is called the direct increase in output (Douvis, 2008)The direct increase in output will, call for extended output from the supplier businesses of the sport and active recreation business. For instance, the direct increase may call for an expanded output of sports apparel, and this, in turn, will call for an expanded manufacturing of textile resources. This latter growth in output is the indirect growth and can be traced back to the supply chain, causing upsurges in an extensive range of inputs (energy, etc.) at each phase(Kunz, Elssser Santomier, 2016)PUBLIC SPORTS PROGRAMMES AND FUNDINGApart from the ordinary acquisitions and sale of sports merchandises, services and the entertainment in the private commerce, there is important purchase, sale and the funding of public structures and services in the public sports programs. These public programs can be compared to those of health and education, comprising of curriculum for physical education and the public health programs that encourage good nutrition and physical activities.At the other end of the scale, public programs can contain the 'purchase' of services of specific teams in a sport in sponsorship contracts, which endorse the sponsors' merchandises. The sponsorship resources employ the professional sports personnels and pay other expenses of the games, and likewise are distributed to pay for eq uipment, the coaching teaching, and other features, for the general good of the sport. The real impact that sports has in economy can be measured using (Tribou, 2011)What is Economic Impact Modelling?Often when a new business or project is opening, advocates assume that the endeavor will create jobs and additional economic benefits to society. These statistics are frequently grounded in the economic impact research, which applies models to approximate the potential positive profits of a project. The economic impact models suggest that changes in outlay can have ripple impacts throughout the economy, and approximate the effects of such changes(Canada, 2017)The Culture, Arts, Heritage, and Sports Economic Impact Model (CAHSEIM)Statistics Canada established Culture, Arts, Heritage and Sports Economic Impact Model (CAHSEIM) to gauge the profits, also known as the economic effects, of culture, arts, sport and the heritage organizations, events and facilities.This gadget is very easy to u tilize for any organization and individual and who needs to weigh the economic impact of theatres, museums, galleries, arenas and the historic sites. It can as well be utilized for culture, arts, sport, and heritage interrelated events such as productions, performances, festivals, and presentations(Saini, 2010)CAHSEIM assess impacts for various economic statistics including Gross domestic product (GDP), labor income, employment (total jobs and number of full-time equivalents) and income tax. (Canada, 2017)Sport in Canada(Product perspective)Sports GDP totaled $4.5 billion, bringing in 0.3% to Canada's economy in the year 2010. The output of sports events totaled $7.2 billion equivalent of 0.2%, as a portion of the total Canadian economy. Sports jobs equaled 93,500 in the year 2010 or (0.5%) of the overall occupations in Canada.Sports yield, gross domestic product at the basic prices and occupations from a product perspective, Canada, in the year 2010.The largest funders to sports GDP were: The organized sport ($1.9 billion) and Education and training which stood at ($1.4 billion), as presented below in Chart 5.Industry PerspectiveGDP of sports industries was $5.2 billion in the year 2010, contributing 0.3% to Canada's overall GDP. Of this, 85.4% is attributable to the production of sports products within the sports industries.Sports industries made $8.3 billion of the overall production in Canada. Of this, sports products contributed a total of $7.1 billion while other non-sports products stood at $1.2 billion.The output, gross domestic product at the basic prices and occupations in sports businesses, total and as a share of the overall economy, Canada, in the year 2010 (Indus...

The Effects Of Gun Violence On America And Raging Debate...

Introduction There are different issues that have caught media headlines over the years. However, one subject that has attracted much focus is mass shootings. With the rise in cases of gun violence, the public has been engulfed in fear. These shootings have taken place in different areas (DeLateur and Fox 125). Examples include Aurora in Colorado and school shootings in Connecticut. According to Towers et al, these events have increased the need to comprehend the dynamics and causal factors. The main reason for this is the fact that compared to other developed economies, per capita level of such occurrences in addition to weapon-related deaths is greater. This paper provides an analysis of gun violence in America and raging debate around the subject. It will examine the extent of gun violence (statistics) and the reasons behind these heinous crimes. The effects of gun violence will also be analyzed. This paper will also analyze the debate that has surrounded the calls for gun control. In conclu sion, the paper will provide steps that must be taken into consideration in order to prevent gun violence in America. Background The world has witnessed increased incidences of gun violence. Even before getting over the events at Sandy Hook Elementary School, scholars, pundits and the political class were already calling for change. Some believe that gun violence is caused by the ease of accessing guns. Access to mental services has also been discussed (DeLateur and Fox 125). OthersShow MoreRelatedCriminal Charges And Its Effect On The Man s Life And The Destruction Of His Property2517 Words   |  11 PagesOntario, three masked men were captured on a surveillance camera, shouting death threats and attempting to set ablaze a farmhouse while the owner was trapped inside. Fearing for his life and the destruction of his property, owner Ian Thomson, a licensed gun safety instructor and firearm expert, fired several warning shots in the direction of his assailants with a legally owned .38 caliber revolver. The perpetrators, who were known to police, quickly fled the scene and only a while later faced criminalRea d MoreMasculinity in the Philippines12625 Words   |  51 Pagesshaped gender roles in the whole of society. Modern warfare, as it developed in Europe, was the mother of a new masculinity propagated globally in an age of empire through colonial armies, boys schools, and youth movements. As a colony of Spain and America, the Philippines felt these global cultural currents and provides an apt terrain for exploration of this PHILIPPINE STUDIES militarized masculinity. Like the other colonial states of Asia and Africa, both powers controlled their Philippine colonyRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagescom/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service please, call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). DeCenzo, David A, Robbins, Stephen P. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management—10th ed. ISBN-13 978-0470-16968-1 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Brief Contents PA RT 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 UNDERSTANDING HRM The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Fundamentals of Strategic HRM 28 PART 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal EmploymentRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesEdition Erik W. Larson Oregon State University Clifford F. Gray Oregon State University PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE MANAGERIAL PROCESS Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior

Preventing Cervical Cancer ( Hpv ) - 3016 Words

Can we do anything to prevent cervical cancer? The answer is an unequivocal, yes. We can immunize our children against the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). If it were mandated for the HPV vaccine to be given to girls, it would be the first vaccine given to prevent cervical cancer. This would also be the first time that a person could be immunized against a sexually transmitted disease, which is how the Human Papillomavirus is transmitted. The HPV vaccine has been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Center for Disease Control (CDC) along with other professional originations in an effort to prevent the spread of the Human Papillomavirus. Making the Human Papillomavirus vaccine mandatory would save lives, and why would†¦show more content†¦Another concern is that girls might get a false sense of security by thinking the vaccine gives them protection from other sexual transmitted diseases when it does not (Thomas, 2008). Parents have worries about the safe ty of vaccines, and do not want to give the HPV vaccine or any other vaccines for that matter. There seems to be a bigger fear of gluten right now than Polio. Over the last few years more and more parents have obviously been making the decision not to vaccinate their children as evidence by the increase in measles cases, going from less than one hundred in 2002 to over six hundred in 2014 (Measles Cases and Outbreaks, 2015). The measles outbreak in California shows that there are active anti-vaccine groups in the United States at this time. Although The Centers for Disease Control does acknowledge that all vaccines have a potential for allergic reactions. The HPV vaccine has been only known to cause pain at the injection site, fever, nausea and fainting (HPV Vaccine Information for Clinicians - Fact Sheet, 2015). The National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) discusses the possibility of vaccines, including the HPV vaccine being associated with learning disabilities (National Vaccine Information Center Archives, n.d.). However, there is no proof to support that consensus, and there is medical scientific evidence that disproves the false c onceptions in regards to theShow MoreRelatedPreventing Cervical Cancer with the HPV Vaccination652 Words   |  3 PagesHPV vaccination is the most common used method for preventing cervical cancer in young girls ranging from age nine to eleven years old. The overall perception of the vaccine is positive by the public because of its wide use and support by state laws, school systems and medical associations. According to the American Pediatric Association the vaccine has an excellent safety record. (Nirvi,1) A reasonable amount of parents still feel skeptical about mandatory HPV vaccination on their kids and lackRead MorePreventing Cervical Cancer through HPV Vaccinations Essay examples856 Words   |  4 Pages Cervical Cancer is the second most common cancer for women yet it is the most common cancer of the reproductive system. According to the CDC in 2010 11,818 women in the United States were diagnosed with cervical cancer and 3,939 women in the United States died from cervical cancer. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma. Human papilloma virus, otherwise known as HPV, is known to cause cervical abnormalities and has been linked to cervical cancer. Some signs and symptoms of cervicalRead MoreEssay about Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer1199 Words   |  5 Pages Cervical cancer is the type of cancer that forms in the cervix tissue in women. The cervix is the organ which connects the uterus and the vagina. There are multiple causes for cervical cancer. 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An Evaluation on Target Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores free essay sample

An in-depth comparison of two corporations: Target and Wal-Mart. This paper examines the large store discount general merchandise market through the comparison of Target Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores. The paper is packed with facts and statistic on the corporations investments, bank loans and markets. The papers author asks the question of which company is best to invest in and who is the better employer. This paper is written in outline format with a clear and direct method of presenting information. Table of Contents The Large-Store Discount General Merchandise Market Investment Decisions Lending Decisions Employer Overview Of Target Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc Investment Decisions Employment Appendix Bibliography Outline 1. The companies being analyzed are Target Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. They are general merchandise retailers. They compete in the large-store general merchandise market, especially in the discount store segment and the US geographic market. 1.1. Target Corporations Store Brands in multiple formats are Target, Super Target, Mervyns, Marshall Fields, Target Direct and Target Visa. We will write a custom essay sample on An Evaluation on Target Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Target operates 1409 stores in 47 states in the United States and is currently the No.3 discount retailer in the US market. 1.2. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc has several Store Brands: Wal-Mart currently operates 2295 Wal-Mart Discount Stores; 1521 Supercenters; 564 Sams Clubs and 34 Neighbourhood Markets in 9 countries outside the US Argentina; Brazil; Canada; China; Germany; South Korea; Mexico; Puerto Rico; United Kingdom. Wal-Mart is today the worlds largest retailer (and company measured by revenue) and occupies the No.1 position in the US General Merchandise Retail Market.

MKTGCASESTUDY Essays - Food And Drink, Foods, Desserts, Ice Cream

Leader: Culaban . Remi Ann Group members: Bragat , Mycris Jean Capuz , Sharra Jannieca Egaran , Angel Marina, Marigold Poblete, Aipol May Sarmiento, Chresna Mae I. Executive Summary Haagen-Dazs is a North American premium ice cream company and is t he leading market during 1980's and early 1990's but because of the market change and very aggressive competition from competitors, Haagen-Dazs need to make ice cream strategy planning for the United States. Slowed down sales growth of super-premium ice cream in the United States happened because of the competition from other products, also because more and more consumers become concerned about cholesterol. In this case study, we will provide effect ive marketing strategy in order to achieve and maintain the luxury image of this product. II. Viewpoint The newly hired ice cream product Market Manager for United States super premium ice cream Ms. Carol Hodgman is the one in charge for the decision making in improving Haagen-Dazs company super premium ice cream sales. III. Central Problem The Americans are becoming more concerned with diet health because of competition from other products such as low calorie yogurt and ice milk, so the sales growth of super-premium ice cream in United States is slowing down. IV. Objectives The objective of this study is to: [1] Identify the suitable target market of premium ice cream. [2] Create alternative solution for super premium ice cream. [3] Create promotional activities that may help promote super premium ice cream to the market to compete with low calorie yogurt and ice milk. 120456183324500 31908751906270 Threats A lot of aggressive competitors Sales growth in super premium ice scream is slowing down and some prod ucers are going out of business. Americans became more and more health conscious so they avoid or eliminate fatty ice creams .00 Threats A lot of aggressive competitors Sales growth in super premium ice scream is slowing down and some prod ucers are going out of business. Americans became more and more health conscious so they avoid or eliminate fatty ice creams . -1157641908810 Opportunities innovation of super-premium ice cream will disco ver High possibi lity of producing new trends in ice cream products. New trend ice creams will help develop and to attract target market .00 Opportunities innovation of super-premium ice cream will disco ver High possibi lity of producing new trends in ice cream products. New trend ice creams will help develop and to attract target market . 3190875312174 Weaknesses T he premium ice cr eam is more fatty than ice milk. The super-premium ice cream has more cholesterol compared to the other ice cream products. Other products like ice milk is more suitable to the consumers' base on their consciousness about their health compared to the premium ice cream.00 Weaknesses T he premium ice cr eam is more fatty than ice milk. The super-premium ice cream has more cholesterol compared to the other ice cream products. Other products like ice milk is more suitable to the consumers' base on their consciousness about their health compared to the premium ice cream. 31444162363630 -121104301625 Strengths Super Premium i ce cream is a Well -known brand It has a strong market position as it is trend not just in US but to other countries . The managers are Intelligent in market targeting and segmentation. 00 Strengths Super Premium i ce cream is a Well -known brand It has a strong market position as it is trend not just in US but to other countries . The managers are Intelligent in market targeting and segmentation. V. Areas of Consideration VI. Alternative Courses of Action Plan A: Conduct a survey or study based on demographic profile in which classification of market buys more of super-premium ice cream and focus on how to maintain their trust and how to attract those market who less prefer super premium ice cream. Pros: 1. You can able to identify the specific target market. 2. It helps you to gain more information on how to improve your marketing strategies in selling super premium ice cream. 3. Identifying and focusing to the main problem of the business and finding solution for it. Cons: 1. Conducting survey may not be 100% truthful, because sometimes some of the answers of the

FERPA Essays

FERPA Essays FERPA Essay FERPA Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: : FERPA This law protects students’ privacy of education records. After a student is eighteen years and above, he or she can decide who will view his or her records. Not even the parents are allowed to access these records. They can only do that with their child’s consent. This responsibility is left to the family discuss with their child about this issue. Parents can only view their child’s academic record, if he or she signs a waiver. They have to request for access that the institution will not give them if they do not ask for it. However, there are special circumstances that would result in disclosing student private information. For example, if the student’s health is a risk to themselves or the rest of the public (Ramirez, 38). Ramirez has written the law of FERPA, as it should be. He clearly states the rights of college students and their limitations. This law is very beneficial to college students because it helps them be responsible. College students are adults and they should learn to be accountable, responsible and transparent. They understand that they should have good records whether they are being monitored or not. A parent has a right to know how his or her child is doing since they are paying the college fees. A parent can monitor his or her student’s behavior using this law. If the student is an alcoholic or drug dealer, the institution has the permission to inform parents. There will be no chance for students’ indiscipline because they think their parents will not know (Rooker, LeRoy Tina, 51). Rooker et al assists readers to understand the FERPA law by explaining what the students and parents are entitled to. They have shown the difference between rights of a college student to those of other levels like high school. High school discipline is not applicable in college. There is a very big gap between high school students and college students. High school students are adolescents or teenagers. They are not old enough to be decisive on important matters. Therefore, they should be disciplined in a manner that suits them. The law recognizes them as children under the care of their parents. This is why FERPA does not consider them eligible. Their parents should be involved in monitoring their academic work and social behavior. High school students experience many changes that require a lot of support and correcting. On the other hand, college students are eighteen years and above. The constitution recognizes them capable of being disciplined (Hicks, 44). Hicks work is a brief analysis of FREPA law. He talks about the privacy and education rights for students. College students are protected from the harshness of exposing education records. If colleges were allowed to put up grades on the notice board, it would hurt some students. They would be depressed or stressed because everyone can see how poorly they have performed. This is a negative feeling in a student. Some will never perform better because they are always anxious from the criticisms. Students will be at peace when they know unauthorized people are not viewing their personal information. This law forbids institution personnel from accessing students’ information. Only personnel with professional intentions can view these records. For example, if a student is failing, the appropriate administration personnel are required to go through this student’s records and raise concern (Ramirez, 67). Ramirez clarity enables a reader to identify the benefits of this law to college students. For example, the law enables the students to be responsible. This law assists in controlling possible alterations of education records. If there were no laws protecting privacy, there would be more attempts to change information of students. It could be possible for a student to ask for special favor from one the administrative personnel. He or she might request changes of grades in his or her favor. Currently, such misconduct is unlikely because only a few people have access to these records. This law partly assists the institution in enforcing its laws. For example, it is against the college rules to be an alcoholic or drug dealer. This law concurs with that of FERPA. If a student is caught in this situation, the parents are informed. Different colleges have various measures for such students (Hicks, 87). Hicks has mentioned the fundamental points of this law. They include parents cannot see their children’s grade unless the student consents. Students and parents are allowed to request for correction if the information or grades were recorded wrongly. It may occur that lecturers made an error in marking or recording a student’s grades. Sometimes some grades may be left out. The student has a right of asking the relevant personnel to confirm the accuracy of the records. If there is a disagreement and the student is not content, he or she is allowed to contend it in court. The problem should be solved at a hearing. This fully protects the students from unfair lecturers, should there be any. The lecturers are obliged to abide to the code of professional ethics (Hicks, 89). If a student challenges their judgment at a hearing, the lecturers are expected to present a convincing reason for their judgment. This law makes parents feel they are denied the right to be informed. Some argue that their sons or daughters will not tell them. This happens mainly for the students who do not perform well. Parents feel it is unfair for them to pay college fees and they do not get the opportunity of knowing how their children have performed. On the other hand, this situation could be viewed on a different perspective. Parents and their children get time to discuss about these issues and come to a consensus. For instance, a student may agree to sign a waiver. It will enable his or her parents to access his or her grades. Sometimes parents and their children do not get time to discuss about life issues. This would be a good opportunity for parents and their children to discuss social issues regarding college. For example, encouraging students to avoid troubles (Ramirez, 111). The law has challenges and benefits to both parents and students. Each party should look for solutions to curb the shortcomings. For instance, a dialogue between parents and students would be of great help. This law seems to give too much liberty to the students. Some students are very reluctant to tell their grades to their parents. This would be quite dangerous especially for those who are poor performers. Being honest will make them get help and improve. Withholding such information will make their situation worse. Since this law requires them to be responsible, they should always abide to that (Rooker, LeRoy Tina, 100). This book has taken time to show the challenges and benefits. Parents will have a hard time monitoring their children’s performance. On the other hand, students have a chance of being responsible and transparent to their parents. Hicks, Dennis J. Ferpa Quick Guide. Washington, DC: AACRAO American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions, 2006. Print. Ramirez, Clifford A. Ferpa Clear and Simple: The College Professional’s Guide to Compliance. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2009. Print. Rooker, LeRoy, and Tina M. Falkner. 2010 Ferpa Guide. Washington, DC: American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, 2010. Print.

Emerald Energy Plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Emerald Energy Plc - Case Study Example The revenue earnings of Emerald Energy have shown a sharp increase during the year 2008 as compared to the previous year. The increase is significant to the extent of 94% over the sales revenue for the year 2008. The change in the sales revenue during the year 2007 as compared with 2006 is showing a decline of 3.38% over 2006 figures. This trend is depicted in the following graph. The ability of a firm to generate profits can be assessed by working out the profitability ratios for a historical period and by analyzing the sources of income. The gross profit margin, operating profit margin and net income as a percentage of total turnover presents a realistic view of the firm's ability to generate profits. "Profitability ratios offer several different measures of the success of the firm at generating profits." (NetMBA, 2007) The ratios worked out for the Company and the ratio derived for the industry from the published sources are presented below: The above table indicates that the profitability o... The gross margin has increased mainly because of the increase in the sales revenue due to higher prices of petroleum products during early 2008. The increase in gross margin can be traced to the lower cost of sales. The cost of sales for the year 2008 was 29.25% as against 69.92% for the year 2007. This accounts for the steep increase in the gross margin as well as the increase in the operating and net margins. The increase in the profitability can be observed from the following graph. Return on Shareholder's Equity (ROE) The return on shareholder's equity ratio is another important investment valuation ratio used by the investors to evaluate the profitability of the company and its ability to generate earnings by utilizing the capital invested by the equity shareholders. This ratio is considered as more meaningful to the investors. The return on shareholder's equity has increased significantly over the three year period. Presently as per the latest financial information available on the company, the return on shareholder's equity ratio is stated as 28.45% while the ratio for the industry stands at 17.53 (Reuters, 2009). Analysis of Operating Efficiency The working Capital ratios indicate how well the company is able to manage its working capital. "The asset management ratios are also known as working capital ratios or the efficiency ratios. The aim is to measure how effectively the firm is managing its assets." (NetTom, n.d.) The efficiency ratios for Emerald Energy are exhibited below: 2006 2007 2008 Industry Receivables Turnover (Times) 12.06 9.41 5.76 12.26 Total Assets Turnover

Implementating magnet environment in Riyadh Military Hospital ICU unit Essay

Implementating magnet environment in Riyadh Military Hospital ICU unit - Essay Example The process of magnet environment in magnet hospitals begins from the process of recruitment and continues with the process of retention. In the process of recruitment, a considerable number of measures are put in place and taken into account in order to ensure the attainment of recruitment objectives. In which candidates current and future expectations are taken into account. After recruiting, many efforts are consumed to retain the hired nurses. Needless to say, it is the ultimate objective of the recruitment of nurses to ensure their continual nursing services with a quite foreseeable future with the management of hospital. More significantly, numerous factors are taken into that require their attainment at recruitment and retention of nurses. However, Shortell & Kaluzny (2006) provide some fundamental elements essential to magnet environment within hospitals; they include, quality of nursing and leadership, organisational performance, motivation and worker autonomy, work design, effective groups and teams, coordination and communication, participative or decentralized management, and organizational change and organizational innovation. The nursing profession consists of three types of workers: registered nurses, nurse aides, and licensed practical nurses (General Accounting Office, 2001). Registered nurses, who are state-licensed and possess associate degrees (two-year community colleges), diplomas (three-year hospital programs), or baccalaureate degrees (four-year colleges), provide direct patient care besides managing nursing care (Keenan, & Kennedy, 2003). Nurse aides may provide their health care services in hospitals and home care settings as well, but... This paper talks also about a few things. One of them is attrition, which is not only a problem for hospitals but also for the managers, health policy makers, and managers relevant to the field of nursing. Besides increasing cost burden over the hospital management to renew the hiring process in order to fill the gap created by attrition of nurses. Interestingly, not only in the developed countries, where the health industry is considerably advanced and stable than health industry operating in the developing countries. Throughout the essay, we can see profound infromation on magnet environment and types of nurses, where it's discussed how important quality of nursing and leadership, organisational performance, motivation and worker autonomy, work design, effective groups and teams, coordination and communication, participative or decentralized management, and organizational change and organizational innovation are. Then the essay begins discussing the causes of nurse attrition, where the general perception of nurse is less positive. Afterwards, the paper talks about the effective strategies to increase nurse retention. This essay has a conclusion, which states that magnet environment holds a key to retain nurses. And, the magnet environment occurs when all the elements inside an organisation work in the required way; In which, organisational commitment, nurse leadership, recruitment policies and procedures, and enablement of nurses in the required level of decision making.

Cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Cover letter - Essay Example My most recent internship at the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Capital provided an opportunity to develop strong office assisting skills. Prior to this experience, I spent several summers working with several other firms in their customer service departments, which enhanced my ability to work in a fast paced environment and resolve problems, which are all listed in your preferred qualifications for this position. From these past work experiences, I was also able to develop on my interpersonal skills while socializing within the teams we were in as well as in the entire firm. Granted this opportunity and basing on my ability to work, I believe I will be able to help GWSB to achieve its organizational objectives as well as cement a position as an organization in the corporate settings. Besides, I am quite familiar with the Microsoft Office applications, strong customer care skills and am also motivated to work with a diverse group of constituents (Ryan, 20). I would appreciate discussing this position with you in the near future. I would be glad to receive an interview call from you asking me to appear before your recruitment board. If you require any additional materials or information, I would be happy to avail it. Thank you for your

Gay African American on TV Essay -- Social Issues, Gender Roles

Historically, the representation of gay, African-American men on television has fallen short of the mark . We have seen â€Å"sissies, faggots and finger-snapping queens† sashaying across the screen, feminizing and marginalizing African-American men by these racially insensitive and homophobic caricatures. In this paper I examine the characters: Keith Charles of HBO’s Six Feet Under, Omar Little of HBO’s The Wire, Lafayette Reynolds of HBO’s True Blood, and Julien Lowe of FX’s The Shield and how their characters manifest their masculinity. The three characters that appear on HBO shows are portrayed as strong, masculine, openly gay men. Only Lowe, the sole African-American gay man who has appeared on a basic cable hour-long television drama is a closeted gay character. Since the â€Å"out† characters appear on HBO and the closeted character appears on basic cable, is it possible that an audience who can afford to pay for HBO is tolerant of t he representation of masculine gay men while an audience watching on basic cable is not tolerant of that representation? Or is HBO’s marketing campaign, â€Å"It’s not TV, it’s HBO† an experimentation with â€Å"genre, coupled with their strategy of distancing themselves from broadcast television culminating in a distinguishable brand name and a noticeable schism between pay cable and broadcast television† (Jaramillo 60). Or rather, is the HBO audience one that is able to pay for a subscription to HBO, just gazing at these characters? Are these characters just a twist on the â€Å"big black buck† stereotype for a post-modern audience – one comfortable with explorations of masculine, racialized, gay desire? HBO’s marketing certainly attempts to position itself as a step above broadcast TV, airing programming that is de... ...hough he is tall and strong, Julien’s masculinity is policed aggressively and violently by his peers. When the rumor spreads that Julien is gay, his fellow officers, beat and intimidate him. Despite his stature, Julien quietly submits to their threats and intimidation. Quite literally, Julien’s masculinity is â€Å"policed† by his fellow police officers. Much like Patricia Hill Collins’ assertion about controlling images and that representations of black women as mammies and matriarchs work as â€Å"powerful ideological justifications† for â€Å"intersecting oppressions of race, class, gender and sexuality† (p. 69) the same can be applied to the controlling images of black male masculinity, â€Å"the â€Å"faggot and the queen†. Controlling images function to justify various oppressions by distorting reality through reducing the stereotyped subjected black body to a controllable object.

Human Resource and Industrial Relations Essay

In many Commonwealth Caribbean Countries since the early 1960’s, there have been attempts at Public Sector Reform by replacing the traditional system of Public Administration with what is commonly known as New Public Management and to this day, the successful implementation of such structural adjustment attempts have evaded most Governments who have dared to try. It was evident, however, that there were differences in the way each country attempted to introduce NPM. Jamaica and Barbados, for example, adhered rigorously to the primary tenets of NPM and Trinidad and Tobago by implementing some measures but not others. Human resource management (HRM) is a term which is now widely used but very loosely defined. It should be defined in such a way as to differentiate it from traditional personnel management and to allow the development of testable hypotheses about its impact. Based on theoretical work in the field of organizational behaviour it is proposed that HRM comprises a set o f policies designed to maximize organizational integration, employee commitment, flexibility and quality of work. Within this model, collective industrial relations have, at best, only a minor role. Despite the apparent attractions of HRM to managements, there is very little evidence of any quality about its impact or that of New Public Management. However, the purpose of this paper is to review and analyze some of the different approaches to Human Resource Management, New Public Management and  Industrial Relations initiatives used in Trinidad and Tobago and the extent to which the introduction of a â€Å"new† model of management in the public sector has led to a realignment in the roles, responsibilities, and relationships between the policy-makers, the bureaucracy, civil society and Trade Unions in Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, mentioning the work of two (2) well accomplished local minds who have contributed to the study of Public Sector Reform and Industrial Relations. Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations (HRIR) is a multidisciplinary area that investigates all aspects of employment relations in the public and private sector. Modern organisations i ncreasingly regard staff as their most valuable asset and a chief source of competitive advantage. Consequently, they attach great importance to how they manage people. Successful management of employment relations is vital if employees are to be motivated and organisations are to be successful. The Human resource management (HRM) side encompasses the governance of an organization’s employees and is sometimes referred to simply as human resources (HR). It is the people who work for the organization and human resource management is really employee management with an emphasis on those employees as assets of the business. Areas of HRM oversight include employee recruitment and retention, exit interviews, motivation, assignment selection, labor law compliance, performance reviews, training, professional development, mediation, change management and some extent of Industrial Relations. Industrial relations, which is sometimes called labour-management relations is a professional area of activity and is multidisciplinary, drawing from several academic areas such as law, economics, psychology, sociology and organizational theory. The field of Industrial relations also similarly encompasses the relationships between employers and employees, between employees and other employee s, between employers and their unions and advisors, between employees and their unions, between workplaces in the labour market, the environment created by historical, political, legal and social forces, cultural norms as well as the products of the industrial relations systems including industrial action, collective agreements, grievance handling and other problem-solving mechanisms. Since the 1990’s, there has been the need to transition from the traditional Public Administration (PA) to New Public Management (NPM) and the implementation of NPM ideas are closely related to Human Resources (HR)  in public institutions. In order to achieve a consistent shift, a lot of attention has been devoted to the reconstruction of Human Resource Management (HRM) as well as the improvement in the quality of Industrial Relations in Trinidad and Tobago that has become necessary due to the increasing frequency of strikes and other industrial action related to negotiations for new collective agreements. The first of the two (2) Authors who’s work are being mentioned and have made valid contributions to the field of Public Sector Reform is Dr. Ann-Marie Bissessar, a well accomplished Senior Lecturer in the Behavioural Sciences Department, University of the West Indies. Dr. Bissessar in one of her many writings entitled. â€Å"The changing nexus of power in the new public sector management of Trinidad and Tobago†, examines the extent to which the introduction of a â€Å"new† model of management in the public sector has led to a realignment of the bureaucracy and civil society in Trinidad and Tobago. The document suggests that the introduction of new public management in the public services of Trinidad and Tobago has led to changes in the structure, culture and functioning of the public sector. Doctor Bissessar argues that while there were tensions between the politician and the administrator during the post-independence period these were, to a large extent, kept in check by the rules and regulations that were part and parcel of the traditional method of administration. The introduction of principles of new public management in 1991 and the stress on greater autonomy and a more â€Å"fluid† bureaucratic arrangement, however, have fundamentally altered the power relationships between the politician and the administrator so that the division between the political sphere and the administrative sphere has become increasingly blurred. With respect to the civil society, concludes that with the exception of certain non-governmental organizations, the wider civil society continues to have a minimal input in either policy formulation or execution. Writing along the same lines of thought was Dr. Roodal Moonilal in his one of his articles entitled, â€Å"A note on the Human Re source Management and its Diffusion†. Doctor Moonilal, wrote that the notion of HRM is difficult to pin down with one definition and that is has central concerns with issues of quality, productivity, safety and the efficient use of materials. Other features include sub-contracting, re-deployment of labour, individual contracts and external forms of flexibility and much of the human relations  school. He took from the work of Allan Fox, who articulated two categories or frames of reference within which to conceptualise workplace industrial relations. He stated that Fox outlined a unitary frame of reference which stressed the importance of a common objective for the enterprise, with one source of authority and one focus of loyalty, all participants have the same basic aim and all aspire to share in the rewards which will accrue from the attainment of this aim. Conflict within this framework is denied, as Fox states, â€Å"the doctrine of common purpose and harmony of interests implies that apparent conflict is either (a) merely frictional, e.g. due to incompatible personalities or â€Å"things going wrong†, or (b) caused by faulty â€Å"communications†, e.g. â€Å"misunderstandings† about aims or met hods, or (c) the result of stupidity in the form of failure to grasp the communality of interest, or (d) the work of agitators inciting the supine majority who would otherwise be content† (1966:12). Improving human relations and communications are said to be the appropriate methods to avoid conflict which is seen as the result of poor social relations. In the unitary frame the presence of trade unions is seen as an â€Å"intrusion† into the private, peaceful and unified structure, they compete â€Å"illegitimately† for control over, and the loyalty of, the employees and are considered â€Å"foreign and alien† to the private affairs of the company. Foxs’ work also identified a â€Å"pluralist† frame which accepts that an enterprise contains groups with a variety of different interests, aims and aspirations and it is therefore a coalition of different interests rather than the embodiment of one common goal. In the pluralist enterprise conflict is normal, expected and should not be suppressed but the aim must be to keep it within accepted bounds to prevent the destruction of the enterprise. The article also states that if HRM can be located conceptually within the unitary ideology in the 1960s, it must also be traced to forms of strategic industrial relations adopted during the very period. The emerg ence of productivity bargaining defined as â€Å"an exchange of higher wages for more work, or the same wages in less time, or for greater flexibility and mobility of labour was seen as an earlier attempt by management to give direction to industrial relations. By the late 1970s external forces placed a focus on HRM in the academic and professional circuits as well as a wide range of features and dramatically contrasting reports on its implementation, impact and implications. The  article also stressed the need for Total Quality Management (TQM) and that the historical labour-management distrust and war in industrial relations has no place in Human Resource Management while stating that there are however characteristics of HRM which can threaten the functioning of traditional trade unionism. Dr. Moonilal states that even though some features of HRM can threaten the Union, they can only endanger a Union if it is weak at the shop floor level with a membership which is immobilized and lacking faith in the collective action and skill in representation. The Practitioners of industrial relations were said to be trade union officers, human resource managers, conciliators, mediators, labour department officials and project managers, among others. The main focus of industrial relations is on people in the workplace, whether such a workplace is a large transnational organization, or a small family firm, whether those employed are on a contract of service or on a contract for service; and whether or not a union is involved at the workplace. Indeed, industrial relations can exist even where collective agreements do not materialize. PART A Like most islands in the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago emerged from colonization in the early 1960s extremely poor and with an economy structured around resource exports. Trinidad and Tobago’s tremendous growth spurt slowed, and the economy entered a ten-year period of sluggish growth and had become urbanized, many belonging to the middle class, a situation unknown in most developing countries. As economic growth slowed, increased demands were voiced for adequate housing, better labor rights, more jobs, improved living and working conditions, more equitable distribution of wealth, and national ownership of resources. Despite these demands, the socioeconomic problems present in Trinidad and Tobago were hardly as acute as in other Caribbean countries; nonetheless, such issues as negative attitudes toward foreign ownership tended to dominate. Led by the charismatic and intellectual Eric Williams since its independence in 1962, citizens of Trinidad and Tobago, like people through out the region, hoped and expected that political independence would bring not only dignity but economic improvement. The moderate growth Trinidad and Tobago had been experiencing resulted in some gains for the population. During this time,  the islands’ labor force was highly unionized and the industrial relations climate in Trinidad and Tobago was growing tense with the development of the trade union movement. There was an increasing number of strikes and labour disputes which threatened the economic growth and productivity of the country. The Public Service employees were described as being indolent, inefficient and corrupt and it was impossible to discipline anyone or reform the service. So, It was said that the Public Service no longer attracted the best. The Government of the day could no longer delay in taking legislative action to regulate the relations between unions, workers and employers and there was an urgent need for change and the role of government in the economy increased drastically during the 1960s. The year 1962 was actually when the first step in the development of the collective bargaining process in Trinidad and Tobago was taken in November of that year, just three (3) months after the country obtained Independence from the British in 1962. An agreement was signed by the Secretary to Cabinet at the time on behalf of the Government and by the leadership of the Civil Service Association, the recognized representative for Civil Servants. It established a Civil Service Arbitration Tribunal with the power to decide issues remaining unresolved between the Government and the Association. The Tribunal was designed to function on an â€Å"Ad Hoc† basis and under the Whitley Council System, the Colonial Secretary and subsequently, the Secretary to Cabinet discussed matters relating to the Terms and Conditions of employments in the Civil Service with the Executive of the Civil Service Association .However, the right to approve of not approve any agreements reached was reserved to the Governor General after Independence. The relationship then changed between the Government and the Association and by extension the Civil Service, by bringing an end to the virtually absolute authority previously exercised by the Government. The next phase of Collecting Bargaining was achieved in 1966 when Parliament passed the Civil Service Act as Act No. 29 of 1965. This Act which came into force on August 27, 1966 provided for an effective system of Collective Bargaining referred to in the Act as consultation and Negotiation. The Act established the Personnel Department of Government which was headed by the Chief Personnel Officer and staffed by Civil Servants to; maintain the class of Civil  Servants and keep under review the remuneration payable to them, administer the general regulations respecting the Civil Servants, provide for and establish procedures for consultation between the Personnel Department and an any Association in respect to classification of officers, any grievances and Terms and Conditions of Emp loyment of Civil Servants. Those aspects of the employment relationship which could not be left to collective bargaining such as employee health and safety, minimum age of employment and workers’ compensation, retrenchment and severance benefits and maternity leave are set down in legislation which bind the State and private employers. As a result the Industrial Stabilisation Act, 1965, was enacted. This Act introduced the concept of compulsory arbitration to Trinidad and Tobago by the establishment of the Industrial Court. The main function of this Court was to intervene to prevent and settle industrial disputes between employers and their union represented workers. The Industrial Stabilisation Act was later repealed and replaced by the Industrial Relations Act, 1972, Chapter 88:01 of the Laws of Trinidad and Tobago to provide for the following: free collective bargaining between employer and workers through their representative associations, the development of a peaceful and expeditious procedure for the settlement of disputes, the establishment of the Industrial Court,  the recognition and registration of trade unions,   the freedom to be represented by a trade union and the right not to associate, and industrial action which may be taken by both employer and employee. In addition, Provision was made for a T ripartite industrial relations advisory committee which had the responsibility of reviewing the IRA and making recommendations to the Minister of Labour. This way the Act kept up with industrial relations trends. The general industrial relations policy in Trinidad and Tobago was based on voluntary collective bargaining between employers and workers, via their representative associations, for the settlement of terms and conditions of employment. While the Government has ratified several ILO Conventions, including the Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144), these Conventions only become effective when they are legislatively implemented. A 144 Tripartite Committee, comprising all of the social partners, trade  unions, employers, and Government, in operation in Trinidad and Tobago with the responsibility of considering and recommending the ratification of ILO Conventions. State employees included all civil servants, teachers and members of the Protective Services (Fire, Police and Prison Services). The employment relationship between the State and its employees was governed generally by legislation, which made provisions for terms and conditions of e mployment including recruitment, hours of work, leave entitlements, payment of remuneration, pensions, allowances and other benefits. There was legislation which dealt specifically with each group, such as the Civil Service Act, Chap 23:01 for all civil servants, the Police Service Act, Chap. 15:01, as revised by the Police Service Bill (2003), the Fire Service Act, Chap. 35:50 and the Education Act, Chap 39:01 for teachers. The representative associations of monthly paid State employees may bargain collectively with the Chief Personnel Officer, who is deemed to be the employer of State employees under the IRA. The subject of these negotiations include wage increases, travelling and other allowances and leave entitlements. Other legislations were as follow: The Occupational Safety and Health Act – Sets standards for employee health and safety at the workplace The Workmen’s Compensation Act or the Employment Injury and Disability Benefits Bill – Provides compensation where employees are injured on the job Retrenchment and Severance Benefits Act – Guarantees the payment of severance pay to retrenched employees. The Maternity Protection Act – Provides maternity leave and related benefits to female employees PART B In December 1991 a new government was elected in Trinidad and Tobago. It soon embarked on an ambitious programme of public sector reform under the overall direction of Gordon Draper as Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister with responsibility for Public Administration and Public Information. The programme drew directly on the NPM paradigm and sought to deliver decentralised management, improved morale and productivity, improved human resource management, improved quality of service and delivery, and improved budgeting and accounting systems. The details of the programme were set out  in detail in a publication of the MTSD as A Profile of the Public Service of Trinidad and Tobago (Commonwealth Secretariat 1995). It covered seven areas, three of which were elaborated in some detail. The first was ‘making the most of staff’ through training and development, the establishment of ‘change teams’ within ministries to lead reform, new systems of performance appraisal, and improving work performance by upgrading accommodation and developing an employee assistance programme. The second focused on ‘making government more efficient’ through the introduction of strategic planning, improving productivity via computerisation, contracting out services, redundancy management, and conducting comprehensive audits, a view also shared by Dr. Bissessar and Dr. Moonilal as mentioned previously. The third area, ‘improving policy analysis and co-ordination’, was to be achieved by creating standing committees of Cabinet in vital areas for national economic development, improving policy presentation in the media, and creating more mechanisms for public consultation on national development. The other areas addressed the quality of public services, partnerships with the private sector and non-government organisations, effective management and the management of finance. It was a comprehensive vision and some of the ideas, mechanisms and procedures set forth in it have since been adopted by other Caribbean countries in their programmes of reform. In Trinidad and Tobago, however, it ran into difficulties. One was over the powers and responsibilities of the Public Service Commission (PSC). The reforms proposed their reduction and rationalisation, with many of them being exercised by ministries and other public agencies in accordance with the more decentralised management principles of NPM. These were resisted by the PSC, which claimed that the government was unfairly blaming them for failures in the public service. They also questioned the introduction of private sector values into the very different ethos of the public service (Trinidad and Tobago 1995). Another was the proposal to establish human resource units in ministries which would have seriously weakened the Personnel Department. A number of ministries submitted plans but there was much delay in implementation reducing the effectiveness of the reform. Other changes in this area, such as performance appraisal, also met employee resistance, suggesting a strong cultural re sistance to change. However, on the one hand, public servants supported change which was beneficial to them  Ã¢â‚¬Å"such as training, pay increases, systems of career path planning and enhanced opportunities†. On the other, they were â€Å"afraid of change† which was in any way radical, rather than incremental, since they equated it with â€Å"retrenchment and downsizing† which would threaten their jobs and erode their tenure. In such circumstances it is not surprising that many were â€Å"openly hostile to suggestions for further reform†. In the face of such opposition, and also a lessening of commitment to micro-manage change by the political leadership, the reform programme slowly ground to a halt. The role of the state in development has come under challenge. The reasons for this include the fiscal crises that hit most developing countries in the 1980s, weakening the ability of the state to fund development programmes; the stabilisation and structural adjustment policies that followed, which imposed reductions in the role and size of government and an increase in the scope and activities of the private sector; and the elaboration, from the beginning of the 1990s, o f programmes of ‘good governance’ which aimed to build ‘an effective state’ through matching a state’s role to its capability, which required a sharper focus on fundamentals, and raising state capability by reinvigorating public institutions. In the achievement of these last set of activities sweeping public sector reform was to be encouraged. The impact of such programmes on the developing world has been the subject of much comment. In the case of small states it raised particular difficulties. The public sector tends to be proportionately bigger and its responsibility for delivering services across a wide range of activities greater than in many larger countries. There were thus serious questions about any proposal to reduce the role of the state. At the same time the need for public sector reform was acknowledged in many small states. The New Public Sector Management (NPSM) is the transfer of business and market principles and management processes from the private sector into the public service itself, or outsourcing government activities to the special purpose companies owned by a government or even to the private sector. There is or has been no empirical evidence that NPSM reforms of the public service or outsourcing have led to productivity increases or public welfare improvements even by private sector standards. Th is is because there are basic problems implicit in the NPSM model which derive from the fact that the aims of the public service differ from those of the private sector.  The private sector is about competition and maximizing profits. The proponents of NPSM seek to treat the public as though they are consuming private sector goods and services. The use of these business techniques in the delivery of public functions constricts the accomplishment of the basic tenets of the state: democracy, regularity, transparency and due process, which are surely more important than perceived efficiency and speed. With regards to its impact on the Industrial Relations System, traditionally, trade unions in the Caribbean, in negotiating wages and conditions of employment for their members, have resorted to the confrontational approach to settle outstanding issues. In the early days of trade unionism, this approach was extremely successful and was effectively used. It can be said that employers were cognizant of the close relationship that existed between the political leaders in most of the Caribbean islands and the trade union leaders. In some instances, they were one and the same person. As the countries became independent and t he impact of adverse economic circumstances began to be felt, employers in both the public sector and private sector responded by resorting to taking tough economic decisions. Invariably, these decisions focused on the way in which wage increases were negotiated, the level of these increases and the impact which they had on government finances and on profits at the level of the enterprise. As a consequence, collective bargaining took a new turn as trade unions were forced to examine seriously their approach to the preparation of proposals and the presentation of their case. At the same time, alternative approaches to confrontation were examined and in some instances adopted. Social dialogue has been developed by the ILO as one of the alternative approaches recommended to the social partners (governments, employers and trade unions). A number of studies on best practices in selected enterprises in the Caribbean are being developed to demonstrate how effective social dialogue can be in increasing productivity and in keeping with the New Public Management approaches. However, it seems to me that there has been increasingly forceful moves by trade unions in Tr inidad and Tobago over the past few years to influence national policies and issues. This may be out of frustrated expectations which originate from political and economic circumstances. Whatever the reason, it is has begun to have a negative impact on the workers they represent and the wider society. If this  situation is not addressed it may very well deteriorate and there will be unintended adverse consequences, including loss of employment opportunities and declining standards of living for those whose interests should be served by the unions. The principal stakeholders must re-examine their contributions to the current state of affairs and resolve to bring about the necessary transformation. We need to start the process of change now and even though it would be time consuming, it must be done. It requires an understanding of the realities of the global economy and the imperative for small economies such as ours to survive and in the longer term, to prosper. Trinidad and Tobago has been in a more fortunate position due to our rich hydrocarbon industry and prices being unexpectedly high. However, this should not be the basis of planning sustainable economic grow th and development. The future requires all the social partners to work together, replacing confrontation by cooperation and collaboration. This can only be accomplished if there are suitable multipartite mechanisms established by the government and adhered to by all stakeholders (government, labour, private sector and civil society) whereby meaningful consultation leads to consensus on common objectives and the strategies by which these can be achieved. There must be a major paradigm shift from dependency on oil and gas revenues to support artificially high employee compensation without regard for productivity. There can be no justification for such irrational approaches to industrial relations. It is time to adopt new methods of resolving issues and to put the issue of pay for performance and productivity on the front burner. The era of ‘might is right’ is a luxury we can no longer afford. We need to usher in a new dispensation of enlightened industrial relations to create a truly developed society. Relations between companies and unions need to shift from being adversarial to one of co-operation and it is critical for both parties, union and management to jointly address the competitive pressures and to work together to harness the skills and the commitment of the workforce. The manufacturing and public sectors in many countries have been the traditional base of support for trade unions. They are now experiencing cons iderable difficulties in maintaining and increasing membership. It is the hope of many that the Government will begin the process of getting the economy back on its feet. In doing so, there is always the potential for increased agitation by trade  unions that could ultimately lead to Industrial action where their demands for double digit wage increases cannot be met by the Government. Such a situation can also impact the industrial relations environment across the private sector where unionization is concentrated, particularly along the East-West Corridor. There is also, the perception among many in society that our industrial relations climate will become increasingly adversarial. Employers are more weary of unionization today more than ever before given the current approach to negotiations and dispute resolution by certain trade unions. This is most unfortunate since these very employers accept that trade unions have a critical role to play in shaping industrial relations in our country and facilitating an economic recovery. It goes without saying that industrial action in any form and by anyone can lead to huge disruptions, losses in production and ultimately adverse long-term economic consequences if unchecked and properly regulated. The problem is that much of the current legislation and regulation governing industrial action was formulated back in the 1960â €™s and at a time when there were no legislative safeguards and specified minimum working conditions. On the other hand, the situation is very different today. Today, most workers enjoy legislative protections  in areas ranging from unfair dismissals to minimum wages, maternity leave and severance benefits. It is important to note that in the 1960s trade union membership was more than twice as much as it is now and industrial relations was more about power relations hence the prevalence of adversarial relationships between employers and workers. Today, this too has changed somewhat and great strides have been made to encourage tripartism, social dialogue and labour management co-operation. The movement towards human capital as the major investment for competitive advantage has greatly accelerated. Improved communication of total reward packages through face-to-face meetings, total reward statements and flexible benefits have in most workplaces replaced indirect forms of communication and the significance of basic pay in the overall remuneration package. The one (1) major area that needed to be addressed was the Industrial Court, which was noted to have served the country will but has not been perfect in  its judgments. Many have questioned whether there is a need for the Industrial Court as some of its judgments have been criticized. In a report submitted to Errol McLeod, Minister of Labour, Small and Micro Development Enterprises on July 29, 2013 by the Industrial Relations Advisement Report Committee, it stated twenty-five (25) recommendations for changes needed within the Industrial Relations Sector. The report stated that there is a need to ensure that the Industrial Court is examined and brought up to a more modern constitution, since there have been no direct changes in the Labour Relations Sector for decades. There are issues with the tenure of Judges, Independence of the Court, Migrant Law, Minimum Wages, Maternity Protection, Work men’s Compensation Ordinance and Retrenchment and Severance Pay. It was also stated that the Collective Bargaining process must be done in a more timely basis. The Industrial Relations Advisement Report Committee also stressed in their extensive report that it was crucial to the Industrial Relations Sector that all twenty-five (25) recommendations made be addressed. With this in mind, it is clear that what our industrial relations system needs now is a modernized legal framework which is relevant to changes in working life, modern human resource management practices and technological advancement. It also needs a proper functioning Industrial Court to preside over all its matters. RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION While several attempts have also been made in the past to improve the operations of the Public Service of Trinidad and Tobago, the challenges associated with Human Resource Management and its evolution into New Public Management, accountability, information and technology, communication technology, leadership systems and the systems of laws and procedures continue to occur. The culture of the Public Service has been one referred to as too â€Å"laid back† and that any diversion from the â€Å"status quo† is frowned upon and resisted. There needs to be collaboration between key central agencies to facilitate their acceptance of the fact that change is needed and accept the relevant responsibilities. Governments need to properly formulate and oversee the implementation of comprehensive change management strategies and have a robust legislative analysis of these  changes. Provisions must be created to ensure effective implementation and review, communication and networking within and among various Ministries and Departments. There also needs to be a strengthening of the Civil Service and administrative components of Public Service Reform, providing them with a better frame work and indicator set. More attention must be given to the budget execution phases of Financial Management and sufficient resources must be allocated to ensure that the officers can perform at their best and with a sense of urgency. With all this in mind, it is quite obvious that any kind or nature of Reform is a work in progress. BIBLIOGRAPHY Labour Law Profile. â€Å"National Labour Profile: Trinidad and Tobago Web. 27 July 2011 http://www.ilo.org/resrch/intro Trinidad and Tobago Economic Development Web. August 2011 www.photius.com/countries/Trinidad and Tobago Bissessar, Ann-Marie. â€Å"The changing nexus of power in the New Public Sector Management of Trinidad and Tobago†. Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of the West-Indies International Journal of Public Sector Management. Web.Vol. 16ISS: No.109 Moonilal, Roodal Dr. â€Å"A note on HRM and Its Diffusion†. June 13, 2009 Sutton, Paul. â€Å"Public Sector Reform in Small States† Cases from the Commonwealth Caribbean. (2009) â€Å"Industrial Relations in Trinidad and Tobago.† Wikipidea Online. Encyclopedia Wikipedea, 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. Young, Greg. Home page. Web. 13 Nov. 2013 Chamber of Commerce. â€Å"The Current Industrial Relations Climate in Trinidad and Tobago† Chamber of Commerce, 2011. Web. 10 Nov 2013

The Reformation Essay - 537 Words

The Reformation Religious ideas have developed from every society known since the Sumerians, with theological ideas evolving as communities progressed and changed. Throughout recorded history there have been dissenters and revolt to every religious institution. However, the Reformation of the sixteenth century religious institutions led to changes in social, political and cultural life that have profoundly effected Western Civilization (McKay, Hill, Buckler, A History of Western Society, page 451). By the early sixteenth century, church and state had become inextricably intertwined. Both factions were removed from the greatest percentage of the population by wide margins in education, nutrition, mobility, and income.†¦show more content†¦Martin Luther himself was a member of the Catholic church, a trained priest. Luther was literate, educated, trained by the Church, but also, the son of a lower-class miner who empathized with and was respected by peasants. The theological issues questioned by the Protestants were primary to the faith and power held by the Church. First, is salvation attained by faith and good works, as the Catholic Church maintained (and profited from by selling indulgences as good works), or by faith alone as Luther asserted. Second, does authority over the people rest with the Church or on the Word of God (the Bible) alone, as interpreted by the individual. This idea THE REFORMATION WAS A GREAT MILESTONE ON THE ROAD TO PROGRESS Page Two directly questioned the authority of the Church. Third, does the Church consist of the hierarchical clergy of the Church or the community of Christian believers. Fourth, is the monastic life superior to secular life, or do all vocations have equal merit, as Luther argued. Theology was adapting from one dictatorial faith ruling the masses to different sects empowered by their individual faith and better suited to their society. As a leader of peoples yearning for salvation, Luthers revolt, which led to the secularization of Christianity, is more of a progression of Christianity, than a protest. By 1521 Luther had a vast number ofShow MoreRelatedThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Protestant Reformation Why the Protestant Reformation is considered a significant development in the Christian Church. The Protestant Reformation was an event which occurred within the Catholic Church during the 16th century. This Reformation was prompted by Martin Luther’s ‘95 theses’ which were a list of 95 criticisms towards the church. 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